Bootstrapping method in stata forex

Base R navios com um monte de funcionalidade útil para séries de tempo, em especial no pacote stats. Isto é complementado por muitos pacotes no CRAN, que são brevemente resumidos abaixo. Há também uma considerável sobreposição entre as ferramentas para séries temporais e aquelas nas vistas de tarefas de Econometria e Finanças. Os pacotes nesta visualização podem ser estruturados grosso modo nos seguintes tópicos. Se você acha que algum pacote está faltando na lista, entre em contato conosco. A infraestrutura . Base R contém infra-estrutura substancial para representar e analisar dados de séries temporais. A classe fundamental é quottsquot que pode representar séries temporais regularmente espaçadas (usando carimbos de tempo numéricos). Assim, é particularmente adequado para dados anuais, mensais, trimestrais, etc. As médias móveis são computadas por ma da previsão. E rollmean do zoológico. Este último também proporciona uma função geral rollapply. Juntamente com outras funções de estatísticas de rolamento específicas. Roll fornece funções paralelas para computar estatísticas de rolagem. Gráficos . As parcelas de séries temporais são obtidas com plot () aplicado aos objetos ts. (Parciais) funções de autocorrelação são implementadas em acf () e pacf (). Versões alternativas são fornecidas por Acf () e Pacf () na previsão. Juntamente com uma exibição de combinação usando tsdisplay (). SDD fornece diagramas mais gerais de dependência serial, enquanto dCovTS calcula e traça as funções de covariância e correlação de distância de séries temporais. Exibições sazonais são obtidas usando monthplot () nas estatísticas e seasonplot na previsão. Wats implementa wrap-around gráficos de série de tempo. Ggseas fornece gráficos ggplot2 para séries ajustadas sazonalmente e estatísticas de rolamento. Dygraphs fornece uma interface para o Dygraphs interativo série de tempo gráfico de biblioteca. ZRA traça objetos de previsão do pacote de previsão usando dígrafos. As parcelas dos ventiladores básicos das distribuições de previsão são fornecidas por previsão e vars. As parcelas de ventiladores mais flexíveis de quaisquer distribuições seqüenciais são implementadas em fanplot. Class quottsquot só pode lidar com carimbos de tempo numéricos, mas muitas mais classes estão disponíveis para armazenar informações de data / hora e computação com ele. Para uma visão geral, consulte R Help Desk: Classes de data e hora em R de Gabor Grothendieck e Thomas Petzoldt em R News 4 (1). 29-32. Classes quotyearmonquot e quotyearqtrquot do zoológico permitem computação mais conveniente com observações mensais e trimestrais, respectivamente. Classe quotDatequot do pacote base é a classe básica para lidar com datas em dados diários. As datas são internamente armazenadas como o número de dias desde 1970-01-01. O pacote cron fornece classes para datas (). Horas () e data / hora (intra-dia) em cron (). Não há suporte para fusos horários e horário de verão. Internamente, os objetos quotchronquot são dias (fracionários) desde 1970-01-01. Classes quotPOSIXctquot e quotPOSIXltquot implementam o padrão POSIX para informações de data / hora (intra-dia) e também suportam fusos horários e horário de verão. No entanto, os cálculos de fuso horário exigem algum cuidado e podem depender do sistema. Internamente, quotPOSIXctquot objetos são o número de segundos desde 1970-01-01 00:00:00 GMT. O pacote lubridate fornece funções que facilitam determinados cálculos baseados em POSIX. A classe quottimeDatequot é fornecida no pacote timeDate (anteriormente: fCalendar). Destina-se a informações de data / hora financeira e trata de fusos horários e horários de verão através de um novo conceito de centros financeiros. Internamente, ele armazena todas as informações em quotPOSIXctquot e faz todos os cálculos em GMT apenas. Funcionalidade do calendário, p. Incluindo informações sobre fins de semana e feriados para várias bolsas de valores, também está incluído. O pacote tis fornece a classe quottiquot para informações de hora / data. A classe quotmondatequot do pacote mondate facilita a computação com datas em termos de meses. O pacote tempdisagg inclui métodos para desagregação temporal e interpolação de uma série temporal de baixa freqüência para uma série de freqüências mais altas. TimeProjection extrai componentes de tempo útil de um objeto de data, como dia da semana, fim de semana, feriado, dia do mês, etc, e colocá-lo em um quadro de dados. Como mencionado acima, quotts ​​é a classe básica para séries temporais regularmente espaçadas usando carimbos de tempo numéricos. O pacote do zoológico fornece infra-estrutura para séries temporais regular e irregularmente espaçadas usando classes arbitrárias para os carimbos de tempo (ou seja, permitindo que todas as classes da seção anterior). Ele é projetado para ser o mais consistente possível com quottsquot. Coerção de e para quotzooquot está disponível para todas as outras classes mencionadas nesta seção. O pacote xts baseia-se no zoológico e fornece tratamento uniforme de Rs diferentes classes de dados baseadas no tempo. Vários pacotes implementam séries temporais irregulares baseadas em quotPOSIXctquot selos de tempo, destinados especialmente para aplicações financeiras. Estes incluem quotits de sua. Citações de tseries. E quotftsquot de fts. A classe quottimeSeriesquot em timeSeries (anteriormente: fSeries) implementa séries de tempo com selos de tempo quottimeDatequot. A classe quottisquot in tis implementa séries de tempo com selos de tempo quottiquot. O pacote tframe contém infra-estrutura para definir intervalos de tempo em diferentes formatos. Previsão e Modelagem Univariada O pacote de previsão fornece uma classe e métodos para previsões de séries de tempo univariadas e fornece muitas funções implementando diferentes modelos de previsão incluindo todos aqueles no pacote de estatísticas. Suavização exponencial. HoltWinters () em estatísticas fornece alguns modelos básicos com otimização parcial, ets () do pacote de previsão fornece um conjunto maior de modelos e instalações com otimização completa. O pacote MAPA combina modelos exponenciais de suavização em diferentes níveis de agregação temporal para melhorar a precisão das previsões. Smooth implementa algumas generalizações de suavização exponencial. O método theta é implementado na função thetaf do pacote de previsão. Uma implementação alternativa e estendida é fornecida no forectheta. Modelos auto-regressivos. Ar () nas estatísticas (com seleção do modelo) e FitAR para os modelos do subconjunto AR. Modelos ARIMA. Arima () em stats é a função básica dos modelos ARIMA, SARIMA, ARIMAX e subconjunto ARIMA. Ele é aprimorado no pacote de previsão através da função Arima () juntamente com auto. arima () para a seleção de ordem automática. Arma () no pacote tseries fornece algoritmos diferentes para modelos ARMA e subconjunto ARMA. O FitARMA implementa um algoritmo MLE rápido para modelos ARMA. O pacote gsarima contém funcionalidade para a simulação da série de tempo SARIMA generalizada. O pacote mar1s processa AR multiplicativo (1) com processos sazonais. TSTutorial fornece um tutorial interativo para Box-Jenkins modelagem. Os intervalos de previsão melhorados para ARIMA e modelos de séries temporais estruturais são fornecidos pelo tsPI. Modelos ARMA periódicos. Pear e partsm para modelos periódicos de séries temporais autorregressivas e perARMA para modelagem periódica ARMA e outros procedimentos para análise periódica de séries temporais. Modelos ARFIMA. Algumas instalações para modelos ARFIMA fraccionados diferenciados são fornecidas no pacote fracdiff. O pacote arfima possui recursos mais avançados e gerais para modelos ARFIMA e ARIMA, incluindo modelos de regressão dinâmica (função de transferência). ArmaFit () do pacote fArma é uma interface para modelos ARIMA e ARFIMA. Ruído gaussiano fracionário e modelos simples para séries de tempo de decaimento hiperbólico são tratados no pacote FGN. Os modelos de função de transferência são fornecidos pela função arimax no pacote TSA ea função arfima no pacote arfima. Outlier detecção após a Chen-Liu abordagem é fornecida por tsoutliers. Modelos estruturais são implementados em StructTS () em stats, e em stsm e stsm. class. KFKSDS fornece uma implementação ingênua do filtro de Kalman e alisadores para modelos de espaço de estados univariados. Os modelos de séries temporais estruturais bayesianas são implementados em séries temporais não gaussianas podem ser manipuladas com modelos de espaço de estado GLARMA via glarma. E usando modelos Generalized Autoregressive Score no pacote GAS. Modelos condicionais de Auto-Regressão utilizando métodos Monte Carlo Likelihood são implementados em mclcar. Modelos GARCH. Garch () do tseries se encaixa modelos GARCH básicos. Muitas variações em modelos de GARCH são fornecidas pelo rugarch. Outros pacotes GARCH univariados incluem fGarch que implementa modelos ARIMA com uma ampla classe de inovações GARCH. Existem muitos outros pacotes GARCH descritos na vista de tarefas Financeiro. Modelos de volatilidade estocástica são manipulados por stochvol em uma estrutura bayesiana. Modelos de série de tempo de contagem são manipulados nos pacotes tscount e acp. O ZIM fornece modelos Zero-Inflated para séries de tempo de contagem. Tsintermittent implementa vários modelos para analisar e prever séries de tempo de demanda intermitente. As séries temporais censuradas podem ser modeladas usando centavos e carx. Testes Portmanteau são fornecidos através de Box. test () no pacote stats. Testes adicionais são dados por portes e WeightedPortTest. A detecção de ponto de mudança é fornecida no strucchange (usando modelos de regressão linear), na tendência (usando testes não paramétricos) e em wbsts (usando segmentação binária selvagem). O pacote de ponto de mudança fornece muitos métodos de ponto de troca populares, e ecp faz detecção de ponto de mudança não paramétrico para séries univariadas e multivariadas. A detecção de ponto de mudança online para séries temporais univariadas e multivariadas é fornecida pelo onlineCPD. O InspectChangepoint usa projeção esparsa para estimar pontos de mudança em séries temporais de alta dimensão. A imputação de séries temporais é fornecida pelo pacote imputeTS. Alguns recursos mais limitados estão disponíveis usando na. interp () do pacote de previsão. As previsões podem ser combinadas usando ForecastCombinations que suporta os métodos mais usados ​​para combinar previsões. ForecastHybrid fornece funções para previsões de conjuntos, combinando abordagens do pacote de previsão. Opera tem facilidades para previsões on-line com base em combinações de previsões fornecidas pelo usuário. A avaliação da previsão é fornecida na função accuracy () da previsão. A avaliação de previsão distribucional usando regras de pontuação está disponível no scoringRules Miscellaneous. Ltsa contém métodos para análise de séries temporais lineares, timsac para análise e controle de séries temporais e tsbugs para modelos BUGS de séries temporais. A estimativa da densidade espectral é fornecida pelo espectro () no pacote stats, incluindo o periodograma, o periodograma suavizado e as estimativas de AR. A inferência espectral bayesiana é fornecida por bspec. O quantspec inclui métodos para calcular e traçar periodogramas de Laplace para séries temporais univariadas. O periodograma Lomb-Scargle para séries temporais amostradas de forma desigual é calculado por lomb. O espectro utiliza transformadas de Fourier e Hilbert para filtragem espectral. Psd produz estimativas de densidade espectral adaptativas, seno-multitaper. Kza fornece Kolmogorov-Zurbenko Adaptive Filters incluindo detecção de quebra, análise espectral, wavelets e KZ Fourier transformações. Multitaper também fornece algumas ferramentas de análise espectral multitaper. Métodos Wavelet. O pacote de wavelets inclui computar filtros wavelet, transformadas wavelet e análises multiresolução. Os métodos wavelet para a análise de séries temporais baseados em Percival e Walden (2000) são dados em wmtsa. WaveletComp fornece algumas ferramentas para a análise baseada em wavelet de séries temporais univariadas e bivariadas incluindo cross-wavelets, diferença de fase e testes significativos. Biwavelet pode ser usado para plotar e calcular os espectros wavelet, espectros de wavelet cruzado e coerência wavelet de séries temporais não-estacionárias. Ele também inclui funções para agrupar séries temporais baseadas nas (des) similaridades em seu espectro. Testes de ruído branco usando wavelets são fornecidos por hwwntest. Métodos Wavelet adicionais podem ser encontrados no brainwaver pacotes. Rwt. Waveslim Wavethresh e mvcwt. A regressão harmônica usando termos de Fourier é implementada em HarmonicRegression. O pacote de previsão também fornece algumas facilidades simples de regressão harmônica através da função fourier. Decomposição e filtragem Filtros e suavização. O filtro () em stats fornece filtragem linear média auto-regressiva e móvel de séries temporais univariadas múltiplas. O pacote robfilter fornece vários filtros robustos de séries temporais, enquanto o mFilter inclui diversos filtros de séries temporais úteis para suavizar e extrair componentes tendenciais e cíclicos. Smooth () do pacote de estatísticas computa Tukeys executando mediana smoothers, 3RS3R, 3RSS, 3R, etc sleekts calcula o 4253H duas vezes método de suavização. Decomposição. A decomposição sazonal é discutida abaixo. A decomposição baseada em auto-regressão é fornecida pelo ArDec. O rmaf usa um filtro refinado de média móvel para decomposição. Análise de Espectro Singular é implementada em Rssa e métodos espectrais. A decomposição do modo empírico (EMD) ea análise espectral de Hilbert são fornecidas por EMD. Ferramentas adicionais, incluindo EMD conjunto, estão disponíveis em hht. Uma implementação alternativa do conjunto EMD e sua variante completa estão disponíveis em Rlibeemd. Decomposição sazonal. O pacote stats fornece decomposição clássica em decompose (). E decomposição STL em stl (). A decomposição STL melhorada está disponível em stlplus. StR fornece a decomposição Seasonal-Trend baseada na regressão. X12 fornece um wrapper para os binários X12 que devem ser instalados primeiro. X12GUI fornece uma interface gráfica do usuário para x12. Os binários X-13-ARIMA-SEATS são fornecidos no pacote x13binary, com o fornecimento sazonal de uma interface R. Análise da sazonalidade. O pacote bfast fornece métodos para detectar e caracterizar mudanças abruptas dentro da tendência e componentes sazonais obtidos a partir de uma decomposição. Npst fornece uma generalização do teste de sazonalidade Hewitts. estação. Análise sazonal de dados de saúde, incluindo modelos de regressão, crossover caso-estratificado tempo, funções de traçado e verificações residuais. Mares Análise sazonal e gráficos, especialmente para climatologia. Dessazonalizar Otimização da dessazonalização para séries geofísicas usando o encaixe AR. Estacionaridade, Unidade de Raízes e Cointegração Estacionaridade e raízes unitárias. Tseries fornece vários testes de estacionaridade e raiz unitária, incluindo Dickey-Fuller aumentado, Phillips-Perron e KPSS. Implementações alternativas dos testes ADF e KPSS estão no pacote urca, que também inclui métodos adicionais como os testes Elliott-Rothenberg-Stock, Schmidt-Phillips e Zivot-Andrews. O pacote fUnitRoots também fornece o teste MacKinnon, enquanto o uroot fornece testes de raiz unitária sazonais. O CADFtest fornece implementações tanto do ADF padrão como de um teste de ADF (CADF) com covariável. Estacionaridade local. Localiza um teste de estacionaridade local e calcula a autocovariância localizada. A determinação da determinação da costeração de séries temporais é fornecida por costat. LSTS tem funções para análise de séries temporais localmente estacionárias. Modelos de wavelet estacionariamente estacionários para séries temporais não-estacionárias são implementados em wavethresh (incluindo estimativa, plotagem e simulação para espectros que variam no tempo). Cointegração. O método Engle-Granger de dois passos com o teste de cointegração Phillips-Ouliaris é implementado em tseries e urca. Este último contém adicionalmente funcionalidade para os testes Johansen trace e lambda-max. TsDyn fornece Johansens teste e AIC / BIC seleção simultânea rank-lag. O CommonTrend fornece ferramentas para extrair e traçar tendências comuns de um sistema de cointegração. A estimação e inferência de parâmetros em uma regressão de cointegração são implementadas em cointReg. Análise não linear de séries temporais Auto-regressão não-linear. Várias formas de autorregressão não linear estão disponíveis em tsDyn, incluindo AR aditivo, redes neurais, modelos SETAR e LSTAR, limiar VAR e VECM. A auto-regressão da rede neural também é fornecida no GMDH. O bentcableAR implementa a autorregressão Bent-Cable. BAYSTAR fornece a análise bayesiana de modelos autorregressivos de limiar. TseriesChaos fornece uma implementação R dos algoritmos do projeto TISEAN. Autoregression Os modelos de comutação de Markov são fornecidos em MSwM. Enquanto que as misturas dependentes de modelos de Markov latentes são dadas em depmix e depmixS4 para séries temporais categóricas e contínuas. Testes. Vários testes de não-linearidade são fornecidos em fNonlinear. TseriesEntropy testes de dependência serial não linear com base em métricas de entropia. Funções adicionais para séries temporais não-lineares estão disponíveis em nlts e nonlinearTseries. A modelagem da série de tempo do Fractal e a análise são fornecidas pelo fractal. Fractalrock gera séries de tempo de fractal com distribuições de retornos não-normais. Modelos dinâmicos de regressão Modelos dinâmicos lineares. Uma interface conveniente para ajustar modelos de regressão dinâmica via OLS está disponível no dynlm uma abordagem avançada que também funciona com outras funções de regressão e mais séries de séries temporais é implementada em dyn. Equações mais avançadas do sistema dinâmico podem ser montadas usando dse. Os modelos de espaço de estados lineares gaussianos podem ser montados usando dlm (via máxima verossimilhança, filtragem / alisamento de Kalman e métodos bayesianos), ou usando bsts que usa MCMC. As funções para a modelação não-linear de atraso distribuído são fornecidas em dlnm. Modelos de parâmetros variáveis ​​no tempo podem ser ajustados usando o pacote tpr. OrderedLasso ajusta um modelo linear esparso com uma restrição de ordem sobre os coeficientes, a fim de lidar com regressores defasados ​​onde os coeficientes decadência como o lag aumenta. Modelos dinâmicos de vários tipos estão disponíveis em dynr incluindo tempo discreto e contínuo, modelos lineares e não-lineares e diferentes tipos de variáveis ​​latentes. Modelos de séries temporais multivariadas Modelos VAR (Vector Autoregressive) são fornecidos via ar () no pacote stats básico incluindo a seleção de pedidos via AIC. Estes modelos são restritos para ser estacionário. O MTS é um conjunto de ferramentas para análise de séries temporais multivariadas, incluindo VAR, VARMA, VARMA sazonal, modelos VAR com variáveis ​​exógenas, regressão multivariada com erros de séries temporais e muito mais. Possivelmente modelos VAR não estacionários são montados no pacote mAr, o que também permite modelos VAR no espaço do componente principal. Sparsevar permite a estimação de modelos VAR e VECM esparsos, ecm fornece funções para a construção de modelos VECM, enquanto BigVAR estima modelos VAR e VARX com penalidades laço estruturado. Os modelos e redes VAR automatizados estão disponíveis no autovarCore. Modelos mais elaborados são fornecidos em pacotes vars. TsDyn. EstVARXls () em dse. E uma abordagem bayesiana está disponível em MSBVAR. Outra implementação com intervalos de previsão bootstrap é dada em VAR. etp. MlVAR fornece auto-regressão vectorial multi-nível. VARsignR fornece rotinas para identificar choques estruturais em modelos VAR usando restrições de sinal. Os modelos VARIMA e modelos de espaço de estado são fornecidos no pacote dse. EvalEst facilita experiências de Monte Carlo para avaliar os métodos de estimação associados. Modelos de correção de erros vetoriais estão disponíveis através da urca. Vars e pacotes tsDyn, incluindo versões com restrições estruturais e thresholding. Análise de componentes de séries temporais. A análise fatorial de séries temporais é fornecida em tsfa. O ForeCA implementa uma análise de componentes que pode ser pesquisada procurando as melhores transformações lineares que tornam uma série de tempo multivariada o mais previsível possível. PCA4TS encontra uma transformação linear de uma série de tempo multivariada dando subseries de menor dimensão que não estão correlacionadas entre si. Modelos de espaço de estados multivariados são implementados no pacote FKF (Fast Kalman Filter). Isso fornece modelos de espaço de estados relativamente flexíveis através da função fkf (): os parâmetros de espaço de estado podem variar em função do tempo e as interceptações são incluídas em ambas as equações. Uma implementação alternativa é fornecida pelo pacote KFAS que fornece um filtro de Kalman multivariado rápido, mais suave, simulação mais suave e previsão. Ainda outra implementação é dada no pacote dlm que também contém ferramentas para converter outros modelos multivariados em forma de espaço de estado. Dlmodeler fornece uma interface unificada para dlm. KFAS e FKF. O MARSS se ajusta a modelos de estados-espaço autoregressivos multivariados restritos e não restringidos usando um algoritmo EM. Todos esses pacotes assumem que os termos de erro observacional e de estado não estão correlacionados. Os processos de Markov parcialmente observados são uma generalização dos modelos de espaço de estados multivariados lineares usuais, permitindo modelos não-Gaussianos e não-lineares. Estes são implementados no pacote pompa. Modelos de volatilidade estocástica multivariada (usando fatores latentes) são fornecidos por fatores tochvol. Análise de grandes grupos de séries temporais O agrupamento em séries temporais é implementado em TSclust. Dtwclust. BNPTSclust e pdc. TSdist fornece medidas de distância para dados de séries temporais. O jmotif implementa ferramentas baseadas na discretização simbólica de séries temporais para encontrar motivos em séries temporais e facilita a classificação de séries temporais interpretáveis. Métodos para traçar e prever coleções de séries temporais hierárquicas e agrupadas são fornecidos por hts. Ladrão usa métodos hierárquicos para conciliar previsões de séries temporais agregadas. Uma abordagem alternativa para conciliar previsões de séries temporais hierárquicas é fornecida por gtop. Ladrão Modelos de tempo contínuo Modelagem autorregressiva de tempo contínuo é fornecida em cts. Sim. DiffProc simula e modela equações diferenciais estocásticas. Simulação e inferência para equações diferenciais estocásticas é fornecida por sde e yuima. Bootstrapping. O pacote de inicialização fornece a função tsboot () para bootstrapping de série de tempo, incluindo bootstrap de bloco com várias variantes. Tsbootstrap () do tseries fornece bootstrapping rápido estacionário e de bloco. O bootstrap entropy máximo para a série de tempo está disponível no meboot. Timesboot calcula o CI de bootstrap para o ACF e o periodograma da amostra. O BootPR calcula os intervalos de previsão corrigidos por bias e boostrap para séries temporais autorregressivas. Dados de Makridakis, Wheelwright e Hyndman (1998) Previsão: métodos e aplicações são fornecidos no pacote fma. Dados de Hyndman, Koehler, Ord e Snyder (2008) As previsões com suavização exponencial estão no pacote expsmooth. Dados de Hyndman e Athanasopoulos (2013) Previsão: princípios e práticas estão no pacote fpp. Os dados da competição M e competição M3 são fornecidos no pacote Mcomp. Os dados da competição M4 são dados em M4comp. Enquanto a Tcomp fornece dados da Competição de Previsão de Turismo IJF 2010. Pdfetch fornece facilidades para baixar séries econômicas e financeiras de fontes públicas. Dados do portal on-line do Quandl para conjuntos de dados financeiros, econômicos e sociais podem ser consultados interativamente usando o pacote Quandl. Os dados do portal on-line do Datamarket podem ser obtidos usando o pacote rdatamarket. Os dados de Cryer e Chan (2010) estão no pacote TSA. Os dados de Shumway e Stoffer (2011) estão no pacote astsa. Dados de Tsay (2005) A análise de séries de tempo financeiras está no pacote FinTS, juntamente com algumas funções e arquivos de script necessários para trabalhar alguns dos exemplos. TSdbi fornece uma interface comum para bancos de dados de séries temporais. Fama fornece uma interface para bases de dados de séries de tempo FAME AER e Ecdat ambos contêm muitos conjuntos de dados (incluindo dados de séries temporais) de muitos livros de econometria dtw. Algoritmos dinâmicos do warping do tempo para computar e traçar alinhamentos pairwise entre séries de tempo. EnsembleBMA. Modelo Bayesiano Averaging para criar previsões probabilísticas a partir de previsões de conjunto e observações meteorológicas. Earlywarnings. Avisos iniciais sinalizam caixa de ferramentas para detectar transições críticas em eventos de séries temporais. Transforma dados de eventos extraídos por máquina em séries de tempo multivariadas agregadas regulares. FeedbackTS. Análise da direcionalidade temporal fragmentada para investigar feedback em séries temporais. LPStimeSeries pretende encontrar similaridade de padrão quotlearned para séries temporais. MAR1 fornece ferramentas para preparar dados de séries temporais de comunidades ecológicas para modelagem de AR multivariada. Redes Rotinas para a estimativa de redes de correlação parciais esparsas de longo prazo para dados de séries temporais. PaleoTS. Modelagem da evolução em séries temporais paleontológicas. Pastecs. Regulação, decomposição e análise de séries espaço-temporais. Ptw. Comprimento de tempo paramétrico. RGENERATE fornece ferramentas para gerar séries de vetores. RMAWGEN é um conjunto de funções S3 e S4 para a geração estocástica espacial multi-site de séries de tempo diárias de temperatura e precipitação, fazendo uso de modelos VAR. O pacote pode ser utilizado em climatologia e hidrologia estatística. RSEIS. Ferramentas sísmicas de análise de séries temporais. Rts. Análise de séries temporais de rasterização (por exemplo, séries temporais de imagens de satélite). Sae2. Modelos de séries temporais para estimativa de área pequena. SpTimer. Modelagem bayesiana espacial-temporal. vigilância. Modelação temporal e espaço-temporal e monitoramento de fenômenos epidêmicos. TED. Turbulência de séries temporais Detecção e classificação de eventos. Marés Funções para calcular características de séries temporais quase periódicas, e. Níveis de água nos estuários. tigre. Grupos temporariamente resolvidos de diferenças típicas (erros) entre duas séries temporais são determinados e visualizados. TSMining. Motivos Univariados e Multivariados em Dados de Série de Tempo. TsModel. Modelagem de séries temporais para poluição do ar e saúde. Pacotes de CRAN: Ligações relacionadas: Produção de Importação e Manufatura de Tecnologia na Índia: Análise de Nível de Firma Primeiro Online: 17 de abril de 2015 Recebido: 12 de junho de 2014 Revisado: 26 de janeiro de 2015 Aceito: 26 de março de 2015 Rijesh, R. J Ind Compet (2015) 15: 411. doi: 10.1007 / s10842-015-0193-9 179 Downloads Resumo O artigo examina o impacto da importação de tecnologia na produtividade do setor manufatureiro organizado da Índia usando dados de nível de firmas para o período de 1995 a 2010 A estimativa de uma função de produção de Cobb-Douglas aumentada usando a técnica econométrica de Levinsohn e Petrin sugere que tanto as formas incorporadas como as incorpóreas de importação de tecnologia têm um efeito positivo e significativo na produtividade agregada de manufatura. No entanto, os resultados de estimativas sectoriais baseados na classificação de empresas de tecnologia intensiva revelam que as aquisições de tecnologia incorporadas têm um impacto relativamente mais significativo e positivo em todos os sectores, enquanto as importações de tecnologia incorpóreas têm um efeito positivo na produtividade dos sectores intensivos em tecnologia média. Palavras-chave Importações de tecnologia Produção organizada Produtividade de nível de empresa Levinsohn e Petrin Proeza Índia JEL Classificação Referências Abramovitz M (1956) Recursos e tendências de produção nos EUA desde 1870. Am Econ Rev 46 (2): 523 Google Scholar Ackerberg D, Benkard CL, Berry S , Pakes A (2007) Ferramentas econométricas para analisar os resultados do mercado. Em: Heckman JJ, Leamer EE (eds) Manual de econometria. 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Rev Econ Stat 93 (3): 9951009 CrossRef Google Acadêmico Van IB (2012) Estimativa de produtividade de fator total, uma revisão prática. J Econ Surv 26 (1): 98128 Wrecker J (2007) Exportações e produtividade: um levantamento das evidências a partir de dados de nível de empresa. Schmidt P (2002) Estimativa em uma ou duas etapas dos efeitos de variáveis ​​exógenas nos níveis de eficiência técnica. J Prod Anal 18 (2): 129144 CrossRef Google Acadêmico Yatchew A (2003) Regressão semiparamétrica para o econometrista aplicado. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge MATH CrossRef Google Scholar Informações sobre direitos autorais Springer ScienceBusiness Media Nova York 2015 Autores e afiliações R. Rijesh 1 Enviar e-mail 1. Instituto Indiano de Comércio Exterior, Divisão de Pesquisa Qutab Área Institucional Nova Deli Índia Sobre este artigo Tutorial do CFA: Understanding Bonds 038 Sua avaliação Você deve ter ouvido falar de títulos em notícias financeiras muito. Quando uma empresa quer arrecadar dinheiro / capital para operações futuras ou pagamento de despesas anteriores ou qualquer outra razão, muitas vezes usam instrumentos de títulos para fazê-lo. Mesmo se você estiver apenas parcialmente interessado no tópico, é muitas vezes desconcertante perguntar sobre a razão por trás do tom e choro sobre Bonds e sua avaliação. Este blog tenta armar você com as ferramentas para desmistificar o tópico e desenvolver uma compreensão abrangente sobre os títulos. O que são obrigações Uma obrigação é um instrumento financeiro usado para levantar capital através da criação de endividamento do emissor de títulos para detentores de títulos. Em seguida, dependendo dos termos da obrigação, a empresa é obrigada a pagar os juros dos compradores (o cupão) e / ou a reembolsar o principal em uma data posterior, denominada como vencimento. Os juros geralmente são pagáveis ​​em intervalos fixos (semestralmente, anualmente e mensalmente). Por exemplo, suponha que haja um bônus do Tesouro US $ 1000 que pague um cupom semestral de seis anos com três anos de vencimento que está sendo negociado em 1100. Isso significaria que o comprador, em troca de seu pagamento inicial de 1100, receberia juros Pagamentos de 60 (6 de 1000) a cada seis meses até a data de vencimento é atingido (3 anos a partir de agora), ponto em que o principal (1000) é devolvido ao comprador, juntamente com o pagamento de juros passado. Terminologia Primeiro vamos nos familiarizar com alguns dos termos que estaremos usando no blog. Rendimento Equivalente de Obrigações (BEY) O BEY permite que os títulos de renda fixa cujos pagamentos não sejam anuais sejam comparados com títulos com rendimentos anuais. Nesse caso, os rendimentos são declarados a uma taxa sub-anual, sendo então convertidos para a taxa anual correspondente. Para eg. Uma ligação com um rendimento de 4 semi-anualmente, resultará em um BEY de (42) 8 anualmente. Este é geralmente o caso com títulos do Tesouro para que eles são cotados em termos de BEY. O BEY é o rendimento citado nos jornais. Cash Flow Yield (CFY) É usado para títulos garantidos por hipotecas e outros títulos amortizados por ativos com fluxos de caixa mensais. Fornece uma taxa mensal de composição. Conceitos de duração e convecção A duração / convexidade fornece um método aproximado para calcular a sensibilidade de um vínculo a juros (por exemplo, Mudança de taxa. Sua principal vantagem sobre o método de avaliação integral é a sua simplicidade. No entanto, fornece apenas uma medida aproximada da suscetibilidade à taxa de juros. Existem duas diferentes interpretações igualmente válidas do conceito de duração: 1. É uma medida da sensibilidade do preço (o valor do capital) de um investimento de renda fixa a uma mudança nas taxas de juros. A duração é expressa em vários anos. 2. É uma média ponderada do tempo até o fluxo de caixa ser recebido. Os pesos são a proporção do valor da obrigação que cada fluxo de caixa representa. 3. É também a alteração aproximada do preço da obrigação por uma mudança de rendimento. Usando a terceira interpretação, a mudança no preço de uma obrigação causada por uma mudança no rendimento pode ser aproximada como: Onde, P é a mudança no preço da ligação P é o preço original da ligação D é a duração da ligação Y é a mudança na Rendimento Tipos de Duração Macaulay Duração. É a média ponderada do tempo até que o fluxo de caixa seja recebido. Os pesos são a proporção do valor da obrigação que cada fluxo de caixa representa. Duração efetiva. Um cálculo de duração para obrigações com opções incorporadas. A duração efetiva leva em conta que os fluxos de caixa esperados flutuam à medida que as taxas de juros mudam. A convexidade é uma medida da curvatura na relação entre o preço das obrigações e os rendimentos das obrigações. Maior o valor de convexidade, maior o desvio do preço real da aproximação de duração. Para incorporar os efeitos da convexidade na variação do preço da obrigação, é utilizada a seguinte equação para encontrar os preços dos títulos: P / P - (DY) (Convexidade Y 2) Links relacionados que você vai gostar:

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Sesungguhnya dalam perkara urso agama dan politik mestilah selari. 8216Itulah perbezaan di antara escondeu 8216beragama dengan hidup 8216berdemokrasi yang tidak disebut Eropah, katanya. Beliau berkata, kalau komunis ada kerajaan, demokrasi ada kerajaan, maka kenapa Islã tidak boleh ada kerajaan, selaras dengan bumi dan manusia serta segala benda di dunia ini dijadikan Allah. Justeru, kata Nik Aziz, Kerajaan Islão lebih mustak didirikan di muka dunia ini. Baht dalam perkara agama, sanging penting bagi manusia mengikuti jalan Nabi-Nabi termasuk dalam urusan rumah tangga, peperangan dan lain-lain. Beliau menambah terdapat manusia yang sibuk dengan kebangsaan dan Melayu. Justeru secara sinis beliau meminta golongo itu supaya mencari Nabi Melayu. Ini kerana Nabi Muhammad Bukan orang Melayu tetapi orang árabe. 8220 (Oleh itu) Carilá Nabi Melayu, jangan cari Nabi Árabe. Mengulas sambutan hari raya Aidilfitri 1433 Hijria, beliau mencadangkan untuk tahun hadapan, kad ucapan Selamat Hari Raya ditambah dunia akhirat pada rangkaian ucapan Selamat Hari Raya, Maaf Zahir Batin. Ini penting bagi membolehkan semua kaum mengingati apa itu akhirat. Melayu baca, teringatkan, akhirat, Cina, baca, teringatkan, akhirat. Orang putih baca, teringatkan akhirat. Ini membolehkan, kita, berdakwah, apabila, mereka, bertanya, apa, akhirat, ujarnya. Tuan Guru menambah, selepa manusia mati dihidupkan semula, merezka akan ditanya diberi Al-Quran sama ada membacanya atau tidak, diberi telinga sama ada mendengar nasihat Al-Quran atau tidak. Demikian juga diberi kaki sama ada digunakan pergi ke masjid, diberikan tangan sama ada menggunakan untuk mengundi ke arah mendaulatkan Islam atau menjahanamkan manusia. 20 de dezembro O calendário de contagem longa Mesoamerican, notàvel usado pela civilização maya pre-Columbian entre outro, termina um 8220great ciclo8221 de treze b8217ak8217tuns (períodos de 144.000 dias cada) desde a data mythical da criação da era atual do calendário 8217s. 24 25 Eu não vou mostrar minhas provas matemáticas neste blog, mas presumo que a explicação abaixo seria suficiente para esboçar o que está acontecendo na Malásia (para não incluir Teoria de Lanchester Não-Linear e Teoria de Jogo de N-Pessoas): The A Teoria 8220R-AHMA-N8221 (Alfabetos 6 Dimensionais) chegou ao fim para seu destino do 13º Ciclo de Eleição Geral (PRU-13). O próximo primeiro-ministro será o primeiro-ministro a ser eleito pelo poder das pessoas. Fibonacci está aqui para explicar que esta próxima eleição geral da Malásia, a PRU-13 é realizar o 13 º ciclo, escolhendo o seu 7 º Primeiro-Ministro. O caos é uma ordem, mas sem periodicidade. As Equações Canônicas 8211 Números Primeiros Auto-Perturbados 8211 Caos e Turbulência 8211 Esse vai ser o Caos Real dentro da sublimação da Turbulência Não-Isotrópica. A Espiral de Arquimedes A Espiral de Fibonacci Este é o Fim de Fibonacci Retracement na Malásia, O Hurst Exponente está abaixo de 0.5 eo Índice de Dimensão Fractal está acima de 1.5 8211 Estamos agora na Região de Caminhada Aleatória ou Movimento Browniano 8211 O Fim da Quimera Tyrannical 8220Superpower8221 que ser derrotado por Belerofão com a ajuda de Pegasus 8211 A equação canônica é completada com os parâmetros eo grau de liberdade em equilíbrio. A Quimera (também Chimaera ou Chimra) era, de acordo com a mitologia grega, uma monstruosa criatura feminina de respiração artificial da Lícia na Ásia Menor, 8230 Bersih 3.0: Bekas pendakwa kini peguam Anwar (em inglês) KUALA LUMPUR: Bekas Ketua Pendakwaraya bagi kes liwat II, Datuk Mohd Yusuf Zainal Abiden (gambar) kini menyertai pasukan peguambela Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim dalam kes Bersih 3.0. Tindakan ini merupakan satu tamparan hebat kepada Perdana Menteri, Menteri Dalam Negeri dan Peguam Negara kerana orang terbaik merke selama ini menyertai pasukan pembangkang. Anwar bersama dengan Timbalan Presiden PKR, Azmim Ali dan bekas ahli majlis pimpinan pusat, Badrul Hisham Shaharin dihadapkan ke Mahkamah Sesyen Kuala Lumpur atas tuduhan mengambil bahal dalam protesto jalanan, di bawah Akta Perhimpunan Aman. Substantivo, plural tyrannies. Por favor dê uma olhada na data 9, 10 e 11 de abril de 2012 (Relacionado ao Terramoto do Norte de Sumatra), As Formas Azuis são Ciclos Harmônicos da Relação de Fibonacci (Relação Dourada) 8211 Anarquia, Estado e Utopia (Um Livro Escrito por Robert Norzick ) Eu recebi muitas perguntas de meus leitores sobre a entropia, eu gostaria de informar que ENTROPY não é o mesmo CHAOS que nós discutimos aqui. Atualização Thu Apr 12 9:42:56 UTC 2012 Estamos Preparando Nosso Terno Civil: Estágio 2 8211 Nomeados Advogados proeminentes para Iniciar o Terno 8211 Nós Geramos Dinheiro Fora do Caos e da Turbulência 8211 Teoria do Número de Fibonacci, Teoria do Caos, Espaço Fractal, Fractal Tempo, séries de tempo do Fractal, análise dimensional do Fractal, análise do mercado do Fractal, uma introdução à nebulosidade do Fuzzy neural na dinâmica não-linear de sistemas caóticos (espaços da fase) de Socrates, de Plato, de Aristotle, de Ibnu Haytham, de Ibnu Sina, O segredo, que Deus esconde seu segredo dentro dos blocos gigantescos (muito enormes) de números primos (em todo o Universo), em que, por sua vez, , Ele 8220Encrypted8221 Cada Único Bit de Informações Clusters Adquiridos Apenas Qualquer Coisa Sobre a Verdade do Nosso Universo 8211 Creatio Ex Nihilo 8211 Conjunto Nulo (Conjunto Vazio / /) 8211 A Teoria dos Conjuntos Nulos (Minha Teoria: É) Forex 2012: Uma Visão dos Lucros (Nós Geramos Dinheiro Fora do Caos e da Turbulência) A Beleza dos Números de Fibonacci (Razão Dourada) em Mercados Fractal e Análises Comportamentais de Similitude (Hipótese de Mercados Eficientes (EMH) e Especulação Financeira) John D. Rawls 8216Justiça como Equidade8217, Revisão Filosófica, 1958 John D. Rawls, A Teoria da Justiça (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971) David Hume, Inquira sobre o entendimento humano e sobre os Princípios da Moral. Editado por L. E. Selby-Bigge (Oxford: Clarendron Press, 1962) Aristóteles, A Metafísica. Traduzido com uma introdução por HUGH LAWSON-TANCRED. (Penguin Classics, 1998) Navegação de postagem MOHAMAD IZAHAM MOHAMED YATIM O conhecimento é gratuito para todos Aqui tudo é gratuito. Não há nenhum custo para Awesomeness ou Atratividade - O Guerreiro do Dragão - Kung Fu Panda 1 Fundos de Pesquisa Patrocínio Solicitado pelos meus leitores que querem patrocinar para aumentar minhas pesquisas, você é bem-vindo. Por favor, envie para o fundo de pesquisa patrocínio em minha conta Paypal: donateqassimbaba - obrigado aos meus doadores que enviaram pelo menos 1USD cada um para aumentar meu fundo de pesquisa. Mobile: (006) -019-2787830 IM: codegeniushotmail A pedido dos meus leitores, gostaria de mostrar o meu número de telemóvel e a minha ID de MI. Os contrastes entre a lei e a ciência são muitas vezes descritos em termos binários: a ciência procura a verdade, a lei faz a ciência da justiça é descritiva, mas a lei é ciência prescritiva Enfatiza o progresso, enquanto a lei enfatiza o processo. Comparações entre a ciência ea lei muitas vezes comemorar ciências compromisso único para testes sistemáticos de observações e sua vontade de submeter as suas conclusões para sondagem crítica e falsificação. Assim, o Intelecto, a Razão e o Julgamento como conclusões e veredictos das Faculdades Cognitivas pelas quais as leis são prescritas a priori ea ciência é descrita como a cognição científica a priori dentro da verdade a posteriori. (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Metadados Digitais, Timestamp e Teoria da Relatividade - Faculdade de Matemática, Universidade de Cambridge, 15 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 9EW Reino Unido, Publicado Nov. 2010) Wissenschaftlicher Beweis und Gesetz Die Kontraste zwischen Gesetz und Wissenschaft Werden hufig in den binen Bezeichnungen beschrieben: Wissenschaft sucht Wahrheit, Das Gesetz Tut Gerechtigkeit Wissenschaft ist beschreibend, aber Gesetz ist vorschreibend Wissenschaft hebt Fortschritt hervor, whrend t er Gesetz hervorhebt Proze. Vergleiche zwischen Wissenschaft und dem Gesetz feiern hufig einzigartige Verfänder der Wissenschaft zur systematischen Prfung von Beobachtungen und seine Bereitwilligkeit, seine Zusammenfassungen beim kritischen Prfen und bei der Flschung einzureichen. Folglich wird der Intellekt, der Grund und der Urteil als Zusammenfassungen und Urteilssprte der kognitiven Lehrkrper, von denen Gesetzen einem priori und eine Wissenschaft vorgeschrieben werden, als das wissenschaftliche Erkennen ein priori innerhalb a posteriori der Wahrheit beschrieben. (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Metadados Digitais, Zeitstempel und die Theorie Relativitt - der Universität von Cambridge, 15 JJ Thomson von Allee, Cambridge CB3 9EW Vereinigtes Knigreich, Novembro de 2010) En termes binaires. La science recherche la vrit, la loi fait la justice la science est descriptive, mais la loi est prscriptive la science souligne le progrs, alors que la loi souligne des comparaisons de processus entre la science et la loi clerc souvent lengagement unique de la science lessai Systématique des observations et sa bonne volont de soumettre ses conclusions au sondage et la falsification critique. Par consquent, lintellect, la raison et le jugement comme conclusions et verdicts des corps enseignant cognitifs par quies des lois sont prescrites a priori et la science est dcrit comme la connaissance scientifique a priori dans a posteriori la vrit. (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Digital Metadata, Horodateur et la théorie duniversit de relativit - de Cambridge, avenue de 15 JJ Thomson, Cambridge CB3 9EW, Reino Unido, dezembro de 2010) Evidncia e lei cientficas Os contrastes entre a lei ea cincia. Frequentemente em termos binários: a cincia procura a verdade, a lei faz a justia a cincia descritiva, mas a lei prescritiva a cincia emfatiza o progresso, visto que uma lei emfatiza comparaes do processo entre a cincia ea lei comemorar frequentemente o compromisso original da cincia A testar sistemático das observaes eo seu voluntariedade submeter suas conclusões a sondar ea falsification crticos. Daqui, o intelecto, a razo e o julgamento como conclusões e veredictos das faculdades cognitivas por que como leis assim prescritas a priori a cincia so como uma cognio cientfica a priori dentro a posteriori da verdade. (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Metadados Digitais, timestamp ea teoria da universidade da relatividade - de Cambridge, avenida de 15 JJ Thomson, Cambridge CB3 9EW Reino Unido, Nov. 2010) Prova e legenda scientifiche I contrasti fra legge e la scienza sono descritti spesso Nei termini binari: a scienza sobre o verit, a legge fa la giustizia la scienza descriptiva, a legge normativa scienza d risalto al progresso, mentre la legge risalto ai confronto di processo da scienza e legge celebrare spesso limpegno unico della Scienza alla prova sistemática delle osservazioni e a relativa compiacenza apresentar a conclusão relativa ao sondaggio ed alla falsificazione critici. Quindi, il intellect, il motivo e il giudizio come conclusi e verdetti delle facolt conoscitivo da cui leggi si prescrivono a priori ea scienza descritto come la cognizione scientifica a priori allinterno a posteriori della verit. (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Metadata Digital, timestamp e a teoria delluniversit de relativit - di Cambridge, un viale di 15 JJ Thomson, Cambridge CB3 9EW Regno Unito, publicado em novembro de 2010). . , A priori a priori a posteriori. (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Metadata, timestamp - cambridge, 15 JJ Thomson, cambridge CB3 9EW, NOV 2010) Evidencia y ley cientficas Os contrastes entre a lei ea ciência Hace la justicia la ciencia es descriptiva, pero la ley es preceptiva la ciencia acente progreso, mientras que tl ley acenta proceso Los omparisons de C entre la ciencia y la ley celebran a menudo la comisin nica de la ciencia a la prueba sistemática de observaciones y Su buena voluntad de someter sus conclusiones a sondar ya la falsificacin crticos. Por tanto, a intelecto, a razn eo juicio como conclusões e os veredictos das faculdades cognoscitivas por quem as leis sao prescritos a priori ea ciência se descrevem como a cognição cientfica a priori dentro a posteriori da verdade. (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Metadados Digitais, timestamp e teoria da universidade da relatividade - de Cambridge, avenida de 15 JJ Thomson, Cambridge CB3 9EW Reino Unido, noviembre de 2010) Sono descritivo spesso nei termini binari: a scienza sobre o verit, a legge fa la giustizia la scienza descriptiva, a legge normativa la scienza d risalto al progresso, mentre la legge risalto ai confronto di processo da scienza e legge celebrare spesso Limpegno unico della scienza alla prova sistemática delle osservazioni and the relative compiacenza presentare the relative conclusioni sondaggio ed alla falsificazione critici. Quindi, il intellect, il motivo e il giudizio come conclusi e verdetti delle facolt conoscitivo da cui leggi si prescrivono a priori ea scienza descritto come la cognizione scientifica a priori allinterno a posteriori della verit. (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Metadados Digitais, timestamp e a teoria delluniversit di relativit - di Cambridge, un viale di 15 JJ Thomson, Cambridge CB3 9EW Regno Unito, novembre del 2010): t. Posteriori (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim Metadados 15 JJ Thomson CB3 9EW 2010 11 -):,,,. Willard Van Orman Quine Indiscernibilidade dos idênticos - um princípio lógico que afirma que se A e B são idênticos, cada propriedade que pertence a um deles Pertence ao outro. Ingestão Básica e Métodos de Ataque / Ciclo de Defesa em Investigações Cientificas Forenses (Que a Procuração / Defesa Deve Estabelecer e Substanciar Antes da Corte): Posse, Conteúdo e Posse de Rede: Controle, Custódia e Conhecimento Conteúdo da Evidência Eletrônica: Divulgação, Descoberta e Admissibilidade Categorias: Anti-Cyber ​​Forensics Ixion é um tema profissional projetado com escolas, sem fins lucrativos e organizações em mente. Em um único clique, traduza o conteúdo do seu site em 100 idiomas. O segundo WordCamp anual EUA será realizada em Filadélfia, PA, em 2-4 dezembro. Obtenha seu ingresso agora Milhões de domínios novos e fáceis de lembrar. blog estão disponíveis para seu blog pela primeira vez. Matt Sweeny, um blogueiro e web e designer de marketing em Wisconsin, constrói seus sites clients039 no WordPress. Por um tempo limitado, você terá a chance de reivindicar seu nome. blog antes de todos os outros. 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Posted in Case Estudos de Direito REPCO HOLDINGS BHD v PROCURADOR PÚBLICO TRIBUNAL ALTO (KUALA LUMPUR) GOPAL SRI RAM JCA REVISÃO CRIMINAL NO W-43-7 DE 1997 Constituição Constitucional Constituição Violação de Se 126 (2) da Securities Industry Act 1983 e s 39 (2) da Securities Commission Act 1993 foram ultra vires art 145 (3) da Constituição Federal e foram nulas nessa medida Legislação Constitucional Violação da Constituição Doutrina do poder de ação prospectivo Poder do tribunal para aplicar a doutrina Processo Penal Processamento Direito de prosseguir o processo Se qualquer outra autoridade, à parte do Ministério Público, pode ser legalmente habilitada para conduzir a acusação Constituição Federal Art. 145 (3) Securities Industry Act 1983 s 126 (2) Securities Commission Act 1993 s 39 (2) Valores Mobiliários Conduta da acusação ao abrigo da Securities Industry Act 1983 Se qualquer outra autoridade para além do Ministério Público pode ser legitimamente autorizado a conduzir a acusação Constituição Federal Art. (2) O requerente, Repco Holdings Bhd (8216RepcO8217), foi cobrado pela Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (8216 pela comissão8217), um órgão criado pela Securities Commission Act 1993 (8216 a SCA8217) por infringir s 86 Do Securities Industry Act 1983 (8216, o SIA8217). Na audiência, o advogado da Repco fez uma objeção preliminar ao locus standi dos dois oficiais da comissão que pareciam julgar o caso. A acusação foi conduzida pelos dois oficiais em conformidade com a operação conjunta do § 126 (2) da SIA e do § 39 (2) do SCA que, entre outras coisas, permitem o julgamento de qualquer ofensa nos Atos a ser conduzida pelo Registrar Das Sociedades ou por qualquer funcionário autorizado pelo Registrador ou pelo Presidente da comissão ou da comissão. Alegou-se que o § 126, n. ° 2, da SIA e os artigos 39. °, n. ° 2, da SCA eram ultra vires art. 145. °, n. ° 3, da Constituição Federal e eram nulos nessa medida. O juiz das sessões, confrontado com o argumento constitucional, agiu sob s 30 da Tribunais Judiciário Act 1964 e transmitiu o registro no caso para o Tribunal Superior para determinar a constitucionalidade das duas seções. Declarado declarado inconstitucional, nulo e sem efeito, o § 129, n. ° 2, da SIA e o artigo 39. °, n. ° 2, da SCA: O único Procurador-Geral da República é o Procurador-Geral da República. O veículo adjetival contido no § 376 e subseqüentes seções do Código de Processo Penal (FMS Cap 6) (8216, o CPC8217) colocou isto fora de dúvida (ver p 688B) PP v Datuk Harun bin Hj Idris e Ors 1976 2 MLJ 116 e PP v Lim Shui Wang amp Ors 1979 1 MLJ 65 seguido. 1997 3 MLJ 681 at 682 Com base nas autoridades, a expressão 8216conduct8217 que figura no art. 145 (3) e nas duas subseções impugnadas tem o mesmo significado. Uma vez que a Constituição autoriza exclusivamente o Procurador-Geral a levar a cabo os processos, deve seguir que nenhuma outra autoridade pode ser legitimamente habilitado para exercer essa função. Portanto, o artigo 126 (2) da SIA, que permite que a ação seja conduzida pelo Registrar of Companies ou por qualquer oficial autorizado pelo Registrar ou pelo Presidente da comissão é ultra vires art. 145 (3) da Constituição Federal. No entanto, se o Registrador de Empresas for um procurador-geral adjunto e, em tal capacidade, conduzir a acusação de uma infracção nos termos da EIS, isso não seria abrangido pelo n. º 3 do artigo 145.º da Constituição. Por outro lado, o Presidente da comissão não é colocado em pé de igualdade e, portanto, não é autorizado constitucionalmente para autorizar ou conduzir os processos ao abrigo da SIA. Além disso, embora para efeitos do exercício das suas funções, os membros e os agentes da comissão sejam considerados funcionários públicos, não são abrangidos pelo âmbito de aplicação do artigo 380.º, n. º 1, do CPC, 690CG) Bin largo Samat amp Ors v PP 1974 2 MLJ 152 e Johnson Tan Han Seng v PP 1977 2 MLJ 66 seguido. Do mesmo modo, o artigo 39. °, n. ° 2, da SCA viola totalmente o artigo 145. °, n. ° 3. Por força do art. 4 (1) da Constituição Federal, por ser uma lei inconsistente com a Constituição, a subseção cede e é, portanto, nula e inconstitucional (ver p. 691B). Seria uma injustiça manifesta pronunciar-se retrospectivamente sobre a invalidade das duas subseções impugnadas. A declaração de invalidez só será, pois, prospectiva e incluirá apenas o presente processo e os processos registados a partir da data da decisão (v. P. 692AB) PP v. Dato P. Yeng Peng 1987 2 MLJ 311 e Mamat bin Daud amp Ors / Governo Da Malásia 1988 1 MLJ 119 seguido. Resumo de Bahasa Malásia Pemohon, Repco Holdings Bhd (8216RepcO8217), telah dipertuduhkan oleh Suruhanjaya Sekuriti (8216suruhanjaya tersebut8217) sebah badan yang ditubuhkan oleh Akta Suruhanjaya Sekuriti 1993 (8216ASS8217) kerana melanggar s 86Akta Perindustrian Sekuriti 1983 (8216APS8217). Di pembicaraan, peguam Repca membuat bantahan permilaan atas locus standi duo orang pegawai suruhanjaya tersebut yang hadir untuk mendakwa kes. Pihak pendakwa dikendalikan oleu dua orang pegawai tersebut menurut operasi bersama s 126 (2) ASS dan s 39 (2) APS yang, antara lain, membenarkan pendakwaan mana-mana e kesalahan di bawah Pandaftar Syarikat atau oleh mana - Mana pegawai yang diberikuasa oleh Pendaftar Syarikat atau Pengerusi suruhanjaya tersebut atau suruhanjaya tersebut. Adalah dihujahkan bahawa s 126 (2) ASS em 1997 3 MLJ 681 em 683 s 39 (2) APS adalah ultra vires perkara 145 (3) Perlambagaan Persekutuan dan adalah terbatal setakat itu. Hakim sesyen, yang dihadapi dengan hujah perlembagaan, bertindak de bawah s 30 Akta Mahkamah Kehakiman 1964 dan menghantar rekod kes ke Mahkamah tinggi bagi menentukan perlembagaan dua subseksyen itu. Diputuskan, mengisytiharkan kedua-dua s 129 (2) APS dan s 39 (2) ASS tidak menurut perlembagaan, tak sah dan terbata: Satu-satunya authoriti yang berhak de sisi perlembagaan untuk mengendalikan pendakwaan adalah Peguam Negara sebagai Pendakwa Raya. Susunan prosedur yang termaktub dalam s 376 dan seksyen-seksyang yang berikutnya dalam Kanun Acara Jenayah (NMB Bab 6) (8216KAJ8217) melekan perkara ini di luar batas keraguan (lihat ms 688B) PP v Datuk Harun bin Hj Idris amp Ors 1976 2 MLJ 116 Dan PP v Lim Shui Wang Ors 1979 1 MLJ 65 diikut. Autorização do modelo: Nenhum Autorização de modelo: Descrição da foto: Autorização modelo: Autorização modelo: Descrição da foto: Pergunte-me sobre o dong do dalam 145 (3) dalam dua subseksyen yang dipersoalkan membawa maksud yang sama. Oleh kerana Perlembagaan membro da família Peguam Negara secara eksklusif untuk menjalankan pendakwaan, in a bermakna bahawa tiada pihak berkuasa yang lain boleh mempunyai kuasa di sisi undang-undang untuk melaksanakan fungsi itu. Maka, s 126 (2) APS yang membenarkan pendakwaan dijalankan oleh Pendaftar Syarikat atau mana-mana pegawai lain yang diberikuasa oleh Pendaftar atau Pengerusi suruhanjaya tersebut adalah ultra vires perkara 145 (3) Perlembagaan Persekutuan. Walau bagaimanapun, jika Pendaftar Syarikat adalah timbalan pendakwa raya yang diwartakan dan dalam keupayaan demikiano menjalankan pendakwaan ke atas kesalahan di bawah APS, ini tidak terperangkap oleh perkara 145 (3) Perlembagaan. Sebaliknya, Pengerusi, suruhanjaya, tersebut, tidak, berada, dalam, kedudukan, yang, sama, dan, den, itu, tidak, diberikuasa, menurut, perlembagaan untuk, memberikuasa, atau untuk, menjalankan, pendakwaan di bawah, APS. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1974 2 MLJ 152 dan Johnson Tan Han Seng v PP 1977 2 MLJ 66 diikut. Dalam cara yang sama, s 39 (2) ASS pada keseluruhannya menyalahi perkara 145 (3). Disebabkan perkara 4 (1) Perlembagaan Persekutuan, merupakan undang-undang yang tidak konsisten dengan Perlembagaan, subseksyen itu memberi laluan dan dengan itu adala tak sah dan melanggar perlembagaan (lihat ms 691B). Adalah sungguh tidak adil untuk membuat keputusan secar kebelakangan atas ketaksahan dua subseksyen yang dipersoalkan. 1997 3 MLJ 681 em 684 Dengan itu, perisytiharan atas ketaksahan haruslah menjadi prospektif sahaja dan harus termasuk hanya kes ini dan kes-kes yang didaftarkan dari tarikh keputusan (lihat ms 692AB) PP v Dado de Yap Peng 1987 2 MLJ 311 dan Mamat bin Daud amp Ors v Governo da Malásia 1988 1 MLJ 119 diikut. Para um caso relativo à violação da Constituição, ver 3 Mallal8217s Digest (4o Ed, 1994 Reedição) para 993. Para casos em seguranças, veja 11 Mallal8217s Digest (4o Ed, 1996 Reedição) parágrafos 766793. Para um caso no direito de conduzir a acusação , Ver 5 Mallal8217s Digest (4º Ed, 1994) (Reedição) para 2040. Casos referidos a Dewan Undangan Negeri Kelantan amp Anor v Nordin bin Salleh e Anor 1992 1 MLJ 697 (refd) Johnson Tan Han Seng v PP 1977 2 MLJ 66 (folld) Hong Leong Equipamento Sdn Bhd v Liew Fook Chuan e outro apelo 1996 1 MLJ 481 (refd) Long bin Samat amp Ors v PP 1974 2 MLJ 152 (folld) Mamat bin Daud amp Ors v Governo da Malásia 1988 1 MLJ 119 (folld) PP V Datuk Harun bin Hj Idris e Ors 1976 2 MLJ 116 (folld) PP v Lim Shui Wang e Ors 1979 1 MLJ 65 (folld) PP v Dato Yap Peng 1987 2 MLJ 311 (folld) Raymond v Procurador-Geral 1982 2 WLR 849 refd) Tan Tek Seng v Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Pendidikan Malaysia amp Anor 1996 1 MLJ 261 (refd) Legislation referred to Courts of Judicature Act 1964 s 30 Criminal Procedure Code (FMS Cap 6) ss 376, 380, 380(i) Federal Constitution arts 4 (1), 145(3) Securities Commission Act 1993 s 39(2) Securities Industry Act 1983 ss 86, 91, 126(2) Muhammad Shafee Abdullah (Ng Aik Guan with him) for the applicant. Azhar Mohamed and Shamsul Sulaiman (Deputy Public Prosecutors) for the respondent. GOPAL SRI RAM JCA (delivering oral judgment): This is an application under s 30(1) of the Courts of Judicature Act 1964. That section reads as follows: 30 (1) Where in any proceedings in any subordinate court any question arises as to the effect of any provision of the Constitution the presiding officer of the court may stay the proceedings and may transmit the record thereof to the High Court. 1997 3 MLJ 681 at 685 (2) Any record of proceedings transmitted to the High Court under this section shall be examined by a Judge of the Court and where the Judge considers that the decision of a question as to the effect of a provision of the Constitution is necessary for the determination of the proceedings he shall deal with the case in accordance with section 48 as if it were a case before him in the original jurisdiction of the High Court in which the question had arisen. (3) Subsections (1) and (2) shall be deemed to be rules of court for the purposes of Article 128(2) of the Constitution. The matter arose in the following way. The applicant, Repco Holdings Bhd (8216RepcO8217) is a public limited company. Its shares are freely traded in the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. On 27 January 1996, Repco issued a statement to the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. The statement contained certain facts which the Securities Commission considered to contravene s 86 of the Securities Industry Act 1983 (8216the SIA8217). So it took steps to institute proceedings against Repco. On 21 October 1996, it applied for and obtained a summons from the Sessions Court in Kuala Lumpur against Repco. The charge annexed to the summons refers to the Repco8217s statement I spoke of a moment ago and alleges an infringement of s 86 of the SIA and punishable under s 91 thereof. The summons was returnable on 29 November 1996. Repco appeared before the sessions court on that day. The sessions court then fixed the case for hearing on 25 August 1997. On that date, counsel who appeared for Repco took a preliminary objection to the locus standi of the two officers who appeared to prosecute the case. These two officers were Ms Foo Lee Mei and Ms Seow Siew Mei. They were officers of the Securities Commission, a body created by the Securities Commission Act 1993 (8216the SCA8217). The prosecution of the case against Repco was in the hands of these two officers pursuant to the joint operation of s 126(2) of the SIA and s 39(2) of the SCA. For completeness, I will reproduce both these sections in full. They read as follows. Section 126(2) of the SIA: 126 (1) No prosecution for any offence under this Act shall be instituted except with the consent in writing of the Public Prosecutor. (2) A prosecution for any offence against any provision of this Act may be conducted by the Registrar or by any officer authorized in writing by the Registrar or by any officer authorized in writing by the Chairman of the Commission. Section 39(2) of the SCA: 39 (1) No prosecution for any offence under this Act shall be instituted except with the consent in writing of the Public Prosecutor. (2) Any officer of the Commission authorized in writing by the Commission may conduct any prosecution of any offence under this Act. 1997 3 MLJ 681 at 686 So far as sub-s (1) of each of the foregoing are concerned, they make it clear that the institution of a prosecution under each enactment shall be only with the consent of the Public Prosecutor. The importance of this will appear later in this judgment. However, as may be noted, sub-s (2) of each of the aforesaid sections vests the conduct of prosecutions under each enactment in the hands of persons other than the Public Prosecutor. Accordingly, before the sessions court, counsel for Repco took the point that the two ladies I mentioned earlier had no locus standi to conduct the prosecution in this particular case. It was argued that s 126(2) of the SIA and s 39(2) of the SCA were ultra vires art 145(3) of the Federal Constitution and were void to that extent. The sessions judge, faced with the Constitutional argument, acted under s 30 of the Courts of Judicature Act 1964 and transmitted the record in the case to this court to determine the constitutionality of the two subsections I mentioned a moment ago. That is how I, sitting as a High Court judge, have come to hear this application. So much for the factual background. In order to appreciate the arguments advanced in favour of the applicant before the sessions court, and repeated in substance before me this morning by its counsel En Muhammad Shafee, it is necessary to hearken to the relevant provisions of the written law that govern the subject matter at hand. These are, art 145(3) of the Federal Constitution, s 376 of the Criminal Procedure Code (FMS Cap 6) (8216the CPC8217) and s 380 of the same Code. They are as follows. First, art 145(3) of the Federal Constitution: 145 (3) The Attorney General shall have power, exercisable at his discretion, to institute, conduct or discontinue any proceedings for an offence, other than proceedings before a Syariah court, a native court or a court-martial. Next, s 376 of the CPC: 376 (i) The Attorney General shall be the Public Prosecutor and shall have the control and direction of all criminal prosecutions and proceedings under this Code. (ii) The Solicitor General shall have all powers of a Deputy Public Prosecutor and shall act as Public Prosecutor in case of the absence or inability to act of the Attorney General. (iii) The Public Prosecutor may appoint fit and proper persons to be Deputy Public Prosecutors who shall be under the general control and direction of the Public Prosecutor and may exercise all or any of the rights and powers vested in or exercisable by the Public Prosecutor by or under this Code or any other written law except any rights or powers expressed to be exercisable by the Public Prosecutor personally. (iv) The rights and powers vested in or exercisable by the Public Prosecutor by subsection (iii) and section 68(ii) shall be exercisable by the Public Prosecutor personally. Third, s 380 of the CPC: 1997 3 MLJ 681 at 687 380 Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter contained (i) any public officer may prosecute in any Court in any case or class of cases in which he is by any written law authorized to prosecute in such Court (ii) in summary non-seizable cases in the Court of a Magistrate (a) the Public Prosecutor or a Deputy Public Prosecutor or a Police Officer may appear and conduct any prosecution (b) any officer of any Government department or of any local authority or statutory authority or any person employed by any local authority or statutory authority may appear and conduct any prosecution for an offence against any written law which it is the duty of the said department or authority specially to enforce (c) any private person may appear in person or by advocate or, in the State of Terengganu, by a pleader and prosecute for an offence against his own person or property. It will be seem at once, from a reading of the plain language of art 145(3), that the Supreme Law, namely the Federal Constitution, has committed to the hands of the Attorney General the sole power, exercisable at his discretion, to institute, conduct and discontinue criminal proceedings. The phrase 8216institute, conduct or discontinue8217 was considered by Abdoolcader J (as he then was) in PP v Datuk Harun bin Hj Idris amp Ors 1976 2 MLJ 116. Of the expression 8216conduct8217, his Lordship said (at p 119EI): 8216Conduct8217 in art 145(3) cannot but refer to the conduct of prosecutions in court, as it indeed appears ipsissimisverbis in s 377 of the CPC. And 8216control and direction8217 in s 376(i) of the CPC is in respect of all criminal prosecutions and proceedings, and not of criminal procedure or the jurisdiction of the courts. 8216Conduct8217 of criminal prosecutions and proceedings in art 145(3) cannot connote the regulation of criminal procedure or of the jurisdiction of the courts or the power or discretion to do so. Any contrary contention would in effect in my view be tantamount to the suggestion of the Public Prosecutor arrogating to himself the legislative powers vested in Parliament under item 4 and in particular para (b) there in List I (Federal List) in the Ninth Schedule to the Constitution, with perhaps also the not inconceptible resultant intrusion or at least a more than peripheral incursion into the sphere of art 121(1) of the Constitution which provides that the judicial power of the Federation is vested in two High Courts and in such inferior courts as may be provided by federal law namely, the Subordinate Courts Act 1948 which specifies the subordinate courts and their respective civil and criminal jurisdiction. Pursuing its signification, 8216to conduct8217 means 8216to lead, guide, manage8217 (Re Bhupalli Malliah 1959 AIR AP 477 Pride of Derby v British Celanese Ltd 1953 1 Ch 149 at p 167, per Lord Evershed MR). It conveys the idea of leading and guiding, that is to say, the person who conducts the prosecution determines all important questions of policy involved in the course of the trial and the attitude to be adopted by the prosecution towards material objections raised or demands made by the accused with respect to the evidence. 1997 3 MLJ 681 at 688 Abdoolcader J8217s interpretation of the phrase 8216institute, conduct or discontinue8217 was approved and applied by the Federal Court in PP v Lim Shui Wang amp Ors 1979 1 MLJ 65. It follows from the foregoing discussion that the only authority that is constitutionally entitled to conduct prosecutions is the Attorney General as Public Prosecutor. The adjectival vehicle contained in s 376 and subsequent sections of the CPC put this beyond doubt. The question then arises: Is Parliament entitled by written law to vest the power to conduct criminal prosecutions in an authority other than the Attorney General Encik Muhammad Shafee has argued that this question should receive a negative response. The Public Prosecutor upon whom lies a most onerous burden has considered the arguments and has come to the honest and inescapable conclusion that En Muhammad Shafee is correct in the contentions that he has advanced. Commendably therefore, the Public Prosecutor has instructed his deputy who has appeared before me today to concede that the two subsections referred to do indeed conflict with art 145(3) of the Federal Constitution. However, this being an issue of public law, the agreement between counsel before me does not absolve this court of the duty to investigate the question of its own volition and decide whether the common ground upon which the parties before me stand is indeed maintainable in law. If I come to the conclusion that the impugned subsections are not ultra vires art 145(3), I am at liberty to so declare despite the agreement arrived at between counsel. However, having given the matter my most anxious consideration, I have come to the conclusion that the Public Prosecutor is correct in the concession he has made. Acting with utmost fairness, En Azhar bin Mohamed, deputy public prosecutor, has cited to me cases which he says are useful in making my determination upon the issue at hand. I think I owe it to efforts of counsel to enter upon a discussion of the case which he has cited. The first is Long bin Samat amp Ors v PP 1974 2 MLJ 152 where at p 158AC, Suffian LP had this to say: In our view, this clause from the supreme law clearly gives the Attorney General very wide discretion over the control and direction of all criminal prosecutions. Not only may he institute and conduct any proceedings for an offence, he may also discontinue criminal proceedings that he has instituted, and the courts cannot compel him to institute any criminal proceedings which he does not wish to institute or to go on with any criminal proceedings which he has decided to discontinue. (For the position in England, please see Viscount Dilhorne8217s speech at pp 3233 in Smedleys Ltd v Breed 1974 2 All ER 21). Still less then would the court have power to compel him to enhance a charge when he is content to go on with a charge of a less serious nature. Anyone who is dissatisfied with the Attorney General8217s decision not to prosecute, or not to go on with a prosecution or his decision to prefer a charge for a less serious offence when there is evidence of a more serious offence which should be tried in a higher court, should seek his remedy elsewhere, but not in the courts. 1997 3 MLJ 681 at 689 The second authority which the learned deputy has drawn to my attention is Johnson Tan Han Seng v PP 1977 2 MLJ 66 where, at p 70AF, Suffian LP once again said of art 145(3): Before Merdeka Chap XXXVII of the FMS Criminal Procedure Code and the equivalent provisions of the SS Criminal Procedure Code set out his power. Today, only the FMS Code remains. Section 376(i) thereof provides generally that the Attorney General in his capacity as Public Prosecutor shall have the control and direction of all criminal prosecutions and proceedings under the Code. The next nine sections particularize his powers. For instance, under s 381, he may enter a nolle prosequi after he has received the record of a preliminary enquiry. As noted by this court in Long bin Samat v PP 1974 2 MLJ 152, there was ample judicial authority before Merdeka to show that the Attorney General enjoyed wide discretion in regard to criminal prosecutions. As s 376(i) of the Criminal Procedure Code was already in existence before Merdeka, our constitution-makers could have been content with relying on it alone to preserve after Merdeka the Attorney General8217s pre-Merdeka power, and if they had done so, then it might be arguable that after Merdeka, it must be read subject to art 8: but our constitution-makers were not content to do so. They deliberately wrote art 145(3) into our Constitution which reads: 8216The Attorney General shall have power, exercisable at his discretion, to institute, conduct or discontinue any proceedings for an offence, other than proceedings before a native court or a court-martial.8217 The language of this provision is very wide, for it includes the word 8216discretion8217 which means liberty of deciding as one thinks fit. In view of the deliberate decision of our constitution-makers to write this provision into our Constitution, I do not think that it can be said that it must be read subject to art 8. The importance of the propositions formulated by the learned Lord President in these two cases is that, as a matter of public law, the exercise of discretion by the Attorney General in the context of art 145(3) is put beyond judicial review. In other words, the exercise by the Attorney General of his discretion, in one way or another, under art 145(3), cannot be questioned in the courts by way of certiorari, declaration or other judicial review proceedings. I think that the proposition is not only good law but good policy. For, were it otherwise, upon each occasion that the Attorney General decides not to institute or conduct or discontinue a particular criminal proceedings, he will be called upon to a court of law the reasons for his decision. It will then be the court and not the Attorney General who will be exercising the power under art 145(3). That was surely not the intent on our founding fathers who framed our Constitution for us. Encik Muhammad Shafee has drawn my attention to a passage in a leading work upon the subject. It is a textbook entitled The Attorney General: Politics and the Public Interest by Prof Edwards whose other work, Law Officers of the Crown, has been often quoted with approval by our courts. At p 91 of the text, Prof Edwards expresses the following view. The word 8216conduct8217, it was stated: 1997 3 MLJ 681 at 690 appears to be wider that the phrase 8216carry on8217 and suggests to our minds that when the Director intervenes in a prosecution which has been privately instituted, he may do so not exclusively for the purpose of pursuing it by carrying it on, but also with the object of aborting it that is to say, he may 8216conduct8217 the proceedings in whatever manner may appear expedient in the public interest. The author was there quoting from the judgment of the English Court of Appeal in Raymond v Attorney General 1982 2 WLR 849 at p 853. In my judgment, having regard to the authorities read before me, the expression 8216conduct8217 appearing in art 145(3) and in the two impugned subsections carries the same meaning. Since the Constitution exclusively authorizes the Attorney General to conduct prosecutions, in must follow, as night follows day, that no other authority may be lawfully empowered to exercise that function. Therefore, it is my opinion, that s 126(2) of the SIA is ultra vires art 145(3) of the Federal Constitution save to the extent I shall now indicate. Subsection (2) of s 126 of the SIA refers to the conducting of a prosecution by the Registar of Companies or by someone authorized by such Registrar in writing. As a matter of practice, the Registar of Companies is usually a senior member of the Judicial and Legal Service. He or she is normally gazetted as a deputy public prosecutor. So, if the Registar of Companies is a gazetted deputy public prosecutor and in such capacity conducts a prosecution of an offence under the SIA, that would not be caught by art 145(3) of the Constitution. But the Chairman of the Securities Commission is not placed on an equal footing. He is therefore not authorized lawfully, that is to say constitutionally, to authorize or to conduct prosecutions under the SIA. Neither does s 380(i) of the CPC, relied on by the prosecutors before the sessions court, provide any assistance to the Securities Commission. As pointed out by the learned deputy public prosecutor, the expression 8216public officer8217 appearing in that section refers to members of the public service. While for the purpose of carrying out their duties, members and servants of the Securities Commission are deemed to be public officers, they do not fall within the scope of s 380(i) of the CPC. Encik Muhammad Shafee has very properly drawn my attention to s 126(2) as it originally appeared before the amendment. I think it useful to reproduce the section as it originally stood: 126 (2) Without prejudice to the provision of section 379 of the Criminal Procedure Code, an advocate and solicitor may, with the previous permission in writing of the Public Prosecutor, be employed by the Government to conduct any criminal prosecution, or to appear in any criminal appeal, on behalf of the Government such advocate and solicitor shall be paid by the Government such remuneration as may be agreed between the Government and the advocate and solicitor, and while so employed he shall be deemed to be a 8216public servant8217 within the meaning of the Penal Code. 1997 3 MLJ 681 at 691 Section 126(2) as originally cast did not, in my judgment, contravene art 145(3), because of the careful way in which it was drafted. On the other hand, s 126(2) as presently worded cannot be read harmoniously with art 145(3) to the extent I have earlier indicated. Turning now to s 39(2) of the SCA, it is my judgment that this subsection wholly contravenes art 145(3). By reason of art 4(1) of the Federal Constitution, it being a law which is inconsistent with the Constitution, the subsection gives way. I would declare it void and unconstitutional. In arriving at my decision, I have not overlooked the important principles that govern the interpretation of written constitutions. Our Federal Constitution is a living document written for all time. Its language compresses within it ideas that are manifold and concepts that are multifaceted. The task of the judicial interpreter of such a document is not to place it in a coffin and nail the lid but to breathe life into it and to give effect to the full breadth and width of its great language. That is the spirit in which our courts have approached our Constitution on previous occasions. In this context, I need only mention the decisions of our Supreme Court in Dewan Undangan Negeri Kelantan amp Anor v Nordin bin Salleh amp Anor 1992 1 MLJ 697 Mamat bin Daud amp Ors v Government of Malaysia 1988 1 MLJ 119 Tan Tek Seng v Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Pendidikan Malaysiaamp Anor 1996 1 MLJ 261 and Hong Leong Equipment Sdn Bhd v Liew Fook Chuan and another appeal 1996 1 MLJ 481. There is, no doubt a presumption even a strong presumption that an Act of Parliament is constitutional. It would require much conviction to strike down a solemn act of legislation by a democratically elected Parliament. Nevertheless, once it has been amply demonstrated, as has been done in the present case, that an Act of Parliament contains provisions that are in direct conflict with the supreme law, it is the duty of this court to say so clearly and unequivocally. For the reasons I have given thus far, I would declare s 126(2) of the SIA to be unconstitutional, null and void and of no effect, save to the extent earlier indicated. In the same way I would declare s 39(2) of the SCA to be unconstitutional, null and void and of no effect. At the conclusion of arguments, the learned deputy drew my attention to the fact that there has been already some prosecutions pursuant to s 126(2) of the SIA and s 39(2) of the SCA. There are also part heard cases presently pending before the subordinate courts, some of which may be well advanced or nearing conclusion. Now, as a general rule, the declaration of invalidity of a written law on the grounds that it runs foul of the Federal Constitution has retrospective effect. But, the court is fully authorized, having regard to public interest, to make a prospective declaration so as not to render invalid convictions entered and proceedings already concluded before the challenge is taken on the ground on unconstitutionality. 1997 3 MLJ 681 at 692 In my judgment, it will be a manifest injustice to render a retrospective ruling on the invalidity of the two impugned subsections. The declaration as to invalidity I now make shall, therefore, be prospective only and shall include only this case and cases registered from today. In doing so, I act on the authority of the Supreme Court8217s decision in PP v Dato Yap Peng 1987 2 MLJ 311 and Mamat bin Daud v Government of Malaysia. Accordingly, the ruling that I have just pronounced shall take effect from 2 October 1997. Reported by Loo Lai Mee S419 and S422 CPC Ghani and Others v Jones 1969 G. No. 2947 1970 1 Q. B. 693 LOH KOOI CHOON v GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA FC KUALA LUMPUR ALI, RAJA AZLAN SHAH AND WAN SULEIMAN FJJ FEDERAL COURT CIVIL APPEAL NO 157 OF 1975 Constitutional Law Fundamental liberties Liberty of person Amendment of Constitution with retrospective effect Whether valid Restrictive Residence Enactment (FMS Cap 39) Federal Constitution, Articles 5, 7 and 159 In this case the appellant had been arrested and detained under a warrant issued under the provisions of the Restricted Residence Enactment. The appellant had not been produced before a Magistrate within twenty-four hours of his arrest. He claimed damages but it was held that no action could be brought against the police officer as he was acting in compliance with a warrant issued by a competent authority. The appellant appealed but before the appeal was heard the Federal Constitution was amended by Act A354/76 which provided in effect that Article 5(4) of the Constitution shall not apply to the arrest or detention of any person under the existing law relating to restricted residence and that this amendment shall have effect from Merdeka Day. It was argued that the amendment was unconstitutional. Parliament can alter the entrenched provisions of Article 5(4) to remove the provision relating to the production before a Magistrate of any arrested person under the Restricted Residence Enactment as long as the process of constitutional amendment as laid down in Article 159(3) is complied with. When that is done it becomes an integral part of the Constitution it is the supreme law, and accordingly it cannot be said to be at variance with itself if Parliament retrospectively affects vested rights or pending proceedings, then it would be the duty of an appellate court to apply the law prevailing on the date of appeal before it. Subject to the constitutional limitation of Article 7 of the Constitution, to wit, protection against retrospective criminal laws and repeated trials, Parliament would be within the ambit of its competence if it deems fit to legislate retrospectively. In view of the demise of Ali F. J. the court asked both counsel for the parties under section 42 of the Courts of Judicature Act, 1964 whether they consented to accept judgments by the remaining judges of the court, it being understood that if there was no majority opinion the proceedings should be re-heard. Both counsel consented. Cases referred to Vacher amp Sons Ltd v London Society of Compositors 1913 AC 107 118 Henry v Geopresco International Ltd 1975 2 All ER 702 718 Assa Singh v Mentri Besar, Johore 1969 2 MLJ 30 IC Golak Nath amp Ors v State of Punjab amp Ors 1967 2 SCR 762 Sri Sankari Prasad Singh Dee v Union of India and State of Bihar 1952 SCR 89 Sajjan Singh v State of Rajasthan 1965 1 SCR 933 Kasavananda Bharati v State of Kerala 1973 SCR Supp 1 Adegbenro v Akintola amp Anor 1963 3 All ER 544 551 Hinds v The Queen 1976 2 WLR 366 373 In re Pulborough School Board, Bourke v Nutt 1894 I QB 725 737 Barber v Pigden 1937 1 KB 664 673 Letang v Cooper 1964 2 All ER 929 933 Latikiro of Buganda v AG 1960 3 All ER 849 851 1977 2 MLJ 187 at 188 Black Clanson v Papierwerke 1975 1 All ER 810 815 Raja Abdul Aziz Addruse ( Dr Yaacob Hussain Merican with him) for the appellant. Lim Beng Choon (Senior Federal Counsel) for the respondent. RAJA AZLAN SHAH FJ It is clear that the question at issue is fraught with political controversy. No doubt the appellant and other persons hold strong views one way or the other on the justice of the impugned Act. I should add that right now no feature of our system of government has caused so much discussion, received so much criticism, and been so frequently misunderstood, than the duties assigned to the courts and the functions which they discharge in guarding the Constitution. For that reason and also because it is rarely that this court is faced with a constitutional question of this kind it is desirable at the outset to make clear the functions of the courts. The question whether the impugned Act is 8220harsh and unjust8221 is a question of policy to be debated and decided by Parliament, and therefore not meet for judicial determination. To sustain it would cut very deeply into the very being of Parliament. Our courts ought not to enter this political thicket, even in such a worthwhile cause as the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution, for as was said by Lord Macnaghten in Vacher amp Sons Ltd v London Society of Compositors 1913 AC 107 118: 8220Some people may think the policy of the Act unwise and even dangerous to the community. Some may think it at variance with principles which have long been held sacred. But a judicial tribunal has nothing to do with the policy of any Act which it may be called upon to interpret. That may be a matter for private judgment. The duty of the court, and its only duty, is to expound the language of the Act in accordance with the settled rules of construction. It is, I apprehend, as unwise as it is unprofitable to cavil at the policy of an Act of Parliament, or to pass a covert censure on the Legislature.8221 It is the province of the courts to expound the law and 8220the law must be taken to be as laid down by the courts, however much their decisions may be criticised by writers of such great distinction8221 per Roskill L. J. in Henry v Geopresco International Ltd 1975 2 All ER 702 718. Those who find fault with the wisdom or expediency of the impugned Act, and with vexatious interference of fundamental rights, normally must address themselves to the legislature, and not the courts they have their remedy at the ballot box. The Constitution is not a mere collection of pious platitudes. It is the supreme law of the land embodying 3 basic concepts: One of them is that the individual has certain fundamental rights upon which not even the power of the State may encroach. The second is the distribution of sovereign power between the States and the Federation, that the 13 States shall exercise sovereign power in local matters and the nation in matters affecting the country at large. The third is that no single man or body shall exercise complete sovereign power, but that it shall be distributed among the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches of government, compendiously expressed in modem terms that we are a government of laws, not of men. Clause (4) of Article 5 of the Constitution prescribes that a person arrested must be taken before a magistrate within 24 hours so that an independent authority exercising judicial powers may without delay apply its mind to his case. This safeguard is to a large extent covered by the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code but its incorporation in the Constitution is deemed essential for assuring the minorities that their rights would be constitutionally guaranteed and that they shall not entertain any apprehension of the alleged despotism and arbitrariness of the majority and legislative omnipotence. This safeguard equally applies to any person arrested under the Restricted Residence Enactment (Cap. 39) (see Assa Singh v Mentri Besar, Johore 1969 2 MLJ 30 8220but evidently difficulties have arisen in the practical application of the enactment and hence the need for the amendment.8221 (see 1976 2 MLJ xcii). The question is how safe are the provisions in clause (4) of Article 5 from change. This question arose in a case which the Supreme Court in India in IC Golak Nath amp Ors v State of Punjab amp Ors 1967 2 SCR 762 considered en banc. The same question had arisen twice before in India. On the first occasion in Sri Sankari Prasad Singh Deo v Union of India and State of Bihar 1952 SCR 89 the Supreme Court considered the validity of the Constitution First Amendment Act in 1950. One of the arguments against the validity of the amendment was that the power of amendment granted by the Constitution to Parliament did not extend to the abridgment or removal of any of the fundamental rights because such a law would be hit by Article 13 and void. This argument was not accepted. On the second occasion in Sajjan Singh v State of Rajasthan 1965 1 SCR 933 the Seventeenth Amendment was challenged but this argument, though faintly argued, was not accepted by three judges who constituted the majority. In Golak Nath, supra, another challenge to the same amendment was made and succeeded. By a bare majority of 6:5 it was held that the powers of amendment did not extend to the taking away and abridging of the fundamental rights on the basis that there was no distinction between the Constitution and ordinary law. An Indian writer Tripathi on 8216Amending The Constitution8217. has aptly summarised theGolak Nath constitutional crisis as an intellectual crisis in reality. He said: 8220It does not seem to be a rash hypothesis that if any one around there could successfully state the distinction between the constitution and ordinary law in clear juridical terms at least one judge would have deserted the company of the majority and the power of Parliament to amend the fundamental rights would not have remained eclipsed for six long years 8221 Six years later the Supreme Court in Kasavananda Bharati v State of Kerala 1973 SCR Supp 1 had no difficulty in overruling Golak Nath practically without any dissent. Whatever may be said of other Constitutions, they are ultimately of little assistance to us because our Constitution now stands in its own right and it is in the end the wording of our Constitution itself that 1977 2 MLJ 187 at 189 is to be interpreted and applied, and this wording 8220can never be overridden by the extraneous principles of other Constitutions8221 see Adegbenro v Akintola amp Anor 1963 3 All ER 544 551. Each country frames its constitution according to its genius and for the good of its own society. We look at other Constitutions to learn from their experiences, and from a desire to see how their progress and well-being is ensured by their fundamental law. Counsel for the appellant before us urged that any amendment affecting the fundamentality of the Constitution should be avoided at all costs. According to him that part of the Constitution must not be touched. In my view, a distinction must be made between those parts of the Constitution which the framers thought should not suffer change and those that can be changed. Our Constitution prescribes four different methods for amendment of the different provisions of the Constitution: Some parts of the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority in both Houses of Parliament such as that required for the passing of any ordinary law. They are enumerated in clause (4) of Article 159. and are specifically excluded from the purview of Article 159 The amending clause (5) of Article 159 which requires a two-thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament and the consent of the Conference of Rulers The amending clause (2) of Article 161E which is of special interest to East Malaysia and which requires a two-thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament and the consent of the Governor of the East Malaysian State in question The amending clause (3) of Article 159 which requires a majority of two-thirds in both Houses of Parliament. (For a detailed study of the subject, reference may be made to Tun Suffian, Art Introduction to the Constitution of Malaysia, 2nd edition, Chapter 21). It is therefore plain that the framers of our Constitution prudently realised that future context of things and experience would need a change in the Constitution, and they, accordingly, armed Parliament with 8220power of formal amendment8221. They must be taken to have intended that, while the Constitution must be as solid and permanent as we can make it, there is no permanence in it. There should be a certain amount of flexibility so as to allow the country8217s growth. In any event, they must be taken to have intended that it can be adapted to changing conditions, and that the power of amendment is an essential means of adaptation. A Constitution has to work not only in the environment in which it was drafted but also centuries later. 8220The vanity and presumption of governing beyond the grave is the most ridiculous and insolent of all tyrannies. Man has no property in man neither has any generation or property in the generations which are to follow It is the living, and not the dead, that are to be accommodated.8221 (Thomas Paine, Rights of Man). As fundamental rights are not the same as ordinary rights, they can only be suspended or abridged in the special manner provided for it in the Constitution. In my opinion, the purpose of enacting a written Constitution is partly to entrench the most important constitutional provisions against repeal and amendment in any way other than by a specially prescribed procedure. Their Lordships of the Privy Council in Hinds v The Queen 1976 2 WLR 366 373took the view that constitutions based on the Westminster model, in particular the provisions dealing with fundamental rights, form part of the substantive law of the state and until amended by whatever special procedure is laid down in the constitution for this purpose, impose a fetter upon the exercise by the legislature of the plenitude of its legislative power. A passage from the speech of Lord Diplock who delivered the majority judgment is apposite (page 374): 8220One final general observation: where, as in the instant case, a constitution on the Westminster model represents the final step in the attainment of full independence by the peoples of a former colony or protectorate, the constitution provides machinery whereby any of its provisions, whether relating to fundamental rights and freedoms or to the structure of government and the allocation to its various organs of legislative, executive or judicial powers, may be altered by those peoples through their elected representatives in the Parliament acting by specified majorities, which is generally all that is required, though exceptionally as respects some provisions the alteration may be subject also to confirmation by a direct vote of the majority of the peoples themselves. The purpose served by this machinery for 8216entrenchment8217 is to ensure that those provisions which were regarded as important safeguards by the political parties in Jamaica, minority and majority alike, who took part in the negotiations which led up to the constitution, should not be altered without mature consideration by the Parliament and the consent of a larger proportion of its members than the bare majority required for ordinary laws. So in deciding whether any provisons of a law passed by the Parliament of Jamaica as an ordinary law are inconsistent with the Constitution of Jamaica, neither the courts of Jamaica nor their Lordships8217 Board are concerned with the propriety or expediency of the law impugned. They are concerned solely with whether those provisions, however reasonable and expedient, are of such a character that they conflict with an entrenched provision of the Constitution and so can be validly passed only after the Constitution has been amended by the method laid down by it for altering that entrenched provision.8221 The framers of our Constitution have incorporated fundamental rights in Part II thereof and made them inviolable by ordinary legislation. Unless there is a clear intention to the contrary, it is difficult to visualise that they also intended to make those rights inviolable by constitutional amendment. Had it been intended to save those rights from the operation of clause (3) of Article 159, it would have been perfectly easy to make that intention clear by adding a proviso to that effect. I am inclined to think that they must have had in mind what is of more frequent occurrence, that is, invasion of fundamental rights by the legislative and executive organs of the State by means of laws, rules and regulations made in exercise of legislative power and not the abridgment of such rights by amendment of the Constitution itself in exercise of the power of constitutional amendment. That power, though it has been entrusted to Parliament, has been so hedged about with restrictions that its exercise can only be made after8221mature consideration by Parliament and the consent of a larger proportion of its members than the bare majority required for ordinary laws.8221 1977 2 MLJ 187 at 190 There have also been strong arguments in support of a doctrine of implied restrictions on the power of constitutional amendment. A short answer to the fallacy of this doctrine is that it concedes to the court a more potent power of constitutional amendment through judicial legislation than the organ formally and clearly chosen by the Constitution for the exercise of the amending power. I concede that Parliament can alter the entrenched provisions of clause (4) of Article 5, to wit, removing the provision relating to production before the magistrate of any arrested person under the Restricted Residence Enactment as long as the process of constitutional amendment as laid down in clause (3) of Article 159 is complied with. When that is done it becomes an integral part of the Constitution, it is the supreme law, and accordingly it cannot be said to be at variance with itself. A passage from the Privy Council judgment in Hinds v. The Queen, supra, is of some assistance (page 392): 8220That the Parliament of Jamaica has power to create a court is not open to doubt, but if any of the provisions doing so conflict with the Constitution in its present form, then it could only do so effectively if the Constitution was first amended so as to secure that there ceased to be any inconsistency between the provisions and the Constitution 8221 This reasoning, in my view, is based on the premise that the Constitution as the supreme law, unchangeable by ordinary means, is distinct from ordinary law and as such cannot be inconsistent with itself. It is the supreme law because it settles the norms of corporate behaviour and the principle of good government. This is so because the Federation of Malaya, and later, Malaysia, began with the acceptance of the Constitution by the nine Malay States and the former Settlements of Penang and Melaka, by the acceptance of it by Sabah and Sarawak that entered the Federation in 1963, as 8220the supreme law of the Federation 8220(clause 1 of Article 4).It is thus the most vital working document which we created and possess. If it is urged that the Constitution is on the same level with ordinary law, then the Constitution is an absurd attempt on the part of the framers, to limit a power, in its own nature illimitable. In the context of clause (1) of Article 160, 8220law8221 must be taken to mean law made in exercise of ordinary legislative power and not made in exercise of the power of constitutional amendment under clause (3) of Article 159, with the result that clause (1) of Article 4 does not affect amendments made under clause (3) of Article 159. In conclusion, I hold that clause (4) of Article 5 is nothing but a constitutional protection which can be taken away or abridged only in the manner in which the Constitution provides. There is a world of difference between legislative immunity and a constitutional guarantee. The Constitution, by its very nature, creates the distinction. A constitutional guarantee cannot be wiped out by a simple legislative process as opposed to constitutional amendment. Can an amendment of a clause in the Constitution operate with retrospective effect It was strenuously contended for the appellant that a law which takes away vested right must be presumed to be intended not to operate retrospectively for the simple reason that subsequent change in the law would not prejudice such right. I accept this statement, for which authority is to be found in many cases. But my decision is based on the language of section 4 of the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Act A354) which reads: 8220Provided that this Clause shall not apply to the arrest or detention of any person under the existing law relating to restricted residence, and all the provisions of this Clause shall be deemed to have been an integral part of this Article as from Merdeka Day.8221 In so far as an Act of Parliament is concerned, the rule of construction is that in order to determine whether it is retrospective in its operation, the language of the Act itself must be looked into bearing in mind that an Act is not to be construed retrospectively unless it is clear that such was the intention of Parliament. If such was the intention that the Act was to be given retrospective effect even in respect of substantive right or pending proceeding, the courts have no alternative but to give effect to the Act even though the consequences might appear harsh and unjust. The principle that parties are to be governed by the law in force on the date when an action is instituted and any subsequent amendment or alteration cannot affect vested right or pending proceeding, must always be read subject to the corollary that Parliament can always expressly provide that vested right or pending proceeding be affected by the amendment of the law. If Parliament retrospectively affects vested right or pending proceeding, then it would be the duty of an appellate court to apply the law prevailing on the date of appeal before it. There is abundant authority for the proposition that an appellate court is entitled to take into consideration facts and events which have come into existence since the judgment under appeal was delivered: see In re Pulborough School Board, Bourke v Hutt 1894 I QB 725 737 and Barber v Pigden 1937 1 KB 664 673. It cannot be gainsaid that Parliament is endowed with plenary powers of legislation and that it is within the ambit of its competence to legislate with prospective or retrospective effect. Retrospective legislation is one of the incidents of plenary legislative powers and as such is not required to be spelt out in the Constitution. Subject to the constitutional limitation of Article 7 of the Constitution, to wit, protection against retrospective criminal laws and repeated trials, Parliament would be within the ambit of its competence if it deems fit to legislate retrospectively. There is no such restriction of legislative power with regard to restrictive residence. In the absence of any constitutional provision against retrospective legislation with regard to restrictive residence it is not right to argue that Parliament should apply such a restriction. 8220The ultimate touchstone of constitutionality is the Constitution itself and not any general principle outside it8221 per Frankfurter J. The appeal is dismissed. No order as to costs. WAN SULEIMAN FJ The appellant was the plaintiff in High Court K. L. Civil Suit No. 729 of 1973. By a Summons-in-Chambers under Order 25 rule 2 of the Rules of the Supreme Court the following points of law raised in the defence of the respondent/defendant came up for determination before the trial: 1977 2 MLJ 187 at 191 whether the arrest of the plaintiff by the defendant, or its agents or servants on the 19th day of September, 1972 and subsequent detention of the plaintiff without him being produced before a magistrate within 24 hours is lawful by reason only of the validity of the warrant issued by the Minister of Home Affairs dated 13th day of September, 1972 under which the plaintiff was arrested, taking into account the provisions of section 32 of the Police Act No. 41 of 1967 and section 27 of the Prisons Ordinance No. 81 of 1952 and read with section 6 and/or section 39 of the Government Proceedings Ordinance, 1956 and whether the plaintiff8217s claim is bad in law by reason only of the failure on the part of the plaintiff to cite the servant and/or the agent of the defendant in his Statement of Claim. The agreed facts of the case as set out in the judgment of the learned trial judge are as follows: On or about September 19, 1972, the Government of Malaysia by its servants or agents arrested the plaintiff under the authority of a Warrant of Arrest and Detention issued pursuant to the provisions of the Restricted Residence Enactment (F. M.S. Cap. 39) and thereafter detained the plaintiff at the Alor Star prison. On November 21 the same year, the plaintiff caused to be made to the High Court at Alor Star an application for an order that a Writ of Habeas Corpus ad Subjiciendum be issued directing the commissioner of Prisons, Malaysia, to have the plaintiff8217s body produced before the said court or, alternatively, for an order that the said Commissioner to show cause as to why the plaintiff should not be set at liberty. The documents pertaining to the said application were served on the said Commissioner of Prisons and on the Minister of Home Affairs on or about November 24, 1972. Before the application was set for hearing, i. e. on November 29, 1972, the plaintiff was released and allowed to return to his house at about 9.00 a. m. However, at about 4.00 p. m. on the same day, the plaintiff was re-arrested under a fresh Warrant of Arrest and Detention issued by the Minister of Home Affairs. The plaintiff accordingly claims damages against the defendant for wrongful imprisonment or detention from September 19 to November 29, 1972. He also claims for exemplary damages in respect of the second arrest and detention. The learned trial judge held on the first issue, that since the omission on the part of the Police Officer and the Prison Officer in not producing the plaintiff before a magistrate within 24 hours of his arrest was an act in compliance with a warrant issued by a competent authority, they are protected from liability in tort by section 32(1) of the Police Act, 1967 and section 27 of the Prisons Ordinance, 1952. In consequence his Lordship held that no proceedings for damages against them personally can be maintained, so that the defendant in Civil Suit No. 729 of 1973 i. e. the Government of Malaysia is also protected from being sued by virtue of section 6(1) of the Government Proceedings Ordinance, 1956 read in conjunction with section 39 of the same Ordinance. On the second issue his Lordship held for the reasons given in his judgment that the Statement of Claim was nor bad in law. The appellant/plaintiff was ordered to pay costs of the application. The hearing before the learned judge was on October 17, 1975 and judgment delivered the following day. In the memorandum of appeal, learned counsel for the appellant relied largely on the decision of this court in Assa Singh v Mentri Besctr Johore 1969 2 MLJ 30. In that case this court held that though the Restricted Residence Enactment authorising the detention and/or the deprivation of liberty of movement of the subject did not have provisions similar to those in clauses (3) and (4) of Article 5 of the Constitution, this did not make it unconstitutional and that despite such inconsistency with the Constitution, the Enactment was in force, but it must be applied with such adaptations as might be necessary to bring it into accord with the Constitution. It was also held that the provisions of clauses (3) and (4) of Article 5 of the Constitution should be read into the provisions of the Enactment. The memorandum of appeal was filed on or about the 24th of June, 1976. However, with effect from August 27, 1976 Act A354/76 made the following amendment to Article 5(4) of the Constitution by adding this proviso to that clause: 8220Provided that this Clause shall not apply to the arrest or detention of any person under the existing law relating to restricted residence, and all the provisions of this Clause shall be deemed to have been an integral part of this Article as from Merdeka Day.8221 The result of this amendment if valid would be to reverse with retrospective effect the decision in Assa Singh8217s case. Raja Abdul Aziz for the appellant submitted that the overall effect of the old Article 5 would have opened Government to a suit for wrongful imprisonment in this case, but the retrospective operation of the amendment if validly made would be to give Government complete protection. The preliminary point therefore taken by learned counsel was Is this amendment A354/76 constitutional Raja Abdul Aziz8217s submission is briefly this: Under Article 159, the Constitution may be amended by federal law. A law passed to amend the Constitution is law within the meaning of the term 8220law8221 in Article 4 of the Constitution, that unlike the Indian Constitution, because of the manner in which the Indian Article 383 is worded, there is no distinction between a law passed under our Article 159 and a law passed under any other Article of our Constitution. Article 13(1) of the Indian Constitution reads: 8220All laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, (i. e. Part III 8216Fundamental Liberties8217) shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.8221 Article 13(2) provides that any future law enacted by any authority in India which takes away or abridges 1977 2 MLJ 187 at 192 rights conferred by Part III and any provision thereof shall be void to the extent of such contravention. The definition of law in Article 13(3), though it includes both the ordinary legislative power of Parliament and such other matters as customs and usages, does not include a law amending the Constitution which is placed on an independent footing under Article 368. (See Basu8217s Commentary on the Constitution of India, 5th Ed. Vol. 1). It has been held that the Indian Parliament is competent to make amendments in derogation of fundamental rights by an amending Act in conformity with the requirements of Article 368. (5) (See also Kesavananda Bharati v State of Kerala 1973 SCR Supp 1). In this country, Federal law, he points out, includes (under Article 160) any Act of Parliament. A law passed under Article 159 would have to follow the same legislative procedure as is prescribed in Article 66, like any other Act of Parliament, before it becomes Federal law. He arrives at the conclusion that the power under Article 159, though seemingly wide, is in truth non-existent since any law passed to amend the Constitution must inevitably be inconsistent with the Constitution, and must therefore because of Article 4, be void. He then referred to three decisions: Letang v Cooper 1967 2 SCR 762, Latikiro of Buganda v AG 1952 SCR 89 and Black Clauson v Papierwerke 1965 1 SCR 933 as aids to construction best summed up in the headnote to the last mentioned authority thus: 8220Where there is an ambiguity in a statute the court may have regard to the report of a Committee presented to Parliament containing proposals to legislation which resulted in the amendment of the statute, in order to determine the 8216mischief8217 which the statute was intended to remedy.8221 Having thus laid the foundation, he then referred to various paragraphs of the Report of the Federation of Malaya Constitutional Commission 1957, particularly paras. 161 and 162. The substance of his arguments, if I understand him aright, is that the Fundamental Rights provision constituted a guarantee and once having been so guaranteed, cannot be amended. Whilst conceding that these fundamental liberties are not absolute, he relies on the wording of Articles 7(1), 9(3) and 10 as support for the proposition that the power of Parliament to pass laws to restrict these freedoms must be circumscribed by or be subject to the provisos to be found in Part II only. For instance, Parliament could pass laws to punish the subject for acts or omissions, or to enhance punishment, but not retrospectively (Article 7(1)). The right of every citizen to move freely throughout the country and to reside in any part of it may be modified or be circumscribed by law only for the purposes set out in Articles 9(2) and 9(3). Again the right to freedom of speech guaranteed by Article 10(1)(a), to assemble peaceably by Article 10(1)(b) and to form associations by Article 10(1)(c) can only be restricted by laws passed in accordance with clauses 2(a), 2(b), 2(c) and (3) respectively. Article 149 is relied upon as another buttress to his argument that the guarantees in Part II of the Constitution cannot be whittled away except under the stringent limitations imposed by the Constitution itself. Clause (1) thereof specifically permits such legislation against subversion to be passed 8220notwithstanding that it is inconsistent with any of the provisions, inter alia, of Articles 5, 9 or 108221 in other words, without specific provision on that behalf written into the Constitution, there can be no amendment made to Articles 5, 9 or 10 or the other Articles on Fundamental Liberties coming within Part II of the Constitution. Whilst I would agree that the word 8220law8221 in Article 4 means all laws which Parliament is competent to pass, including federal laws passed to amend the Constitution, I fail to note any ambiguity when Articles 4 and 159 are read together. Paragraph 80 of the Constitutional Commission Report, as one would expect, considered this important matter, and recommended that 8220the method of amending the Constitution should be neither so difficult as to produce frustration nor so easy as to weaken seriously the safeguards which the Constitution provides8221. Article 159(3) provides that (except for the provisions of lesser importance set out in clause 4) all amendments require the support of the votes of not less than of the total number of members in each House. Not only was amendment by a special majority in both Houses recommended by the drafters of the Constitution. One should also look at another provision of the Constitution to see what happens when the special requirements of Article 159 have been satisfied. Like any other Bill, a Constitution amending Bill would become law (under Article 66(5)) on being assented to by the Yang Dipertuan Agung, and as Senior Federal Counsel rightly points out, thenceforth becomes part of the Constitution, becomes integrated therein. The situation therefore cannot arise where it can ever be said to be inconsistent with the Constitution. A more intriguing point raised was that there can be by implication parts of the Constitution which cannot be subject to any form of amendment whatsoever. In taking this line of reasoning, Raja Abdul Aziz appeared to be advancing the majority decision in an Indian Supreme Court decision of Golaknath v State of Punjab 1967 2 SCR 762 wherein 6 out of a special Bench of 11 judges had overruled previous decisions and taken the view that though there is no express exception from the ambit of Article 368, the Fundamental Rights included in Part III of the Indian Constitution cannot, by its very nature be subject to the process of amendment provided for in Article 368, and that if any of such rights is to be amended, a new constituent Assembly must be convened for making a new Constitution or for radically changing it. (See Basu8217s Commentary on the Constitution of India, 5th Edition, Vol. 5, page 495). In the later decision of the Supreme Court Kesavananda v The State of Kerala 1973 SCR Supp 1, it was held inter alia at page 4, by a majority: The decision of the majority in Golaknath that the word 8220law8221 in Article 13(2) include amendments 1977 2 MLJ 187 at 193 to the Constitution and that the article operated as a limitation upon the power to amend the Constitution in Article 368 is erroneous and is over-ruled The power of amendment is plenary (full or complete). It includes within itself the power to add, alter or repeal the various articles of the Constitution, including those fundamental rights The power to amend does not include the power to alter the basic structure or frame-work of the Constitution so as to change its identity (Which on the face of it seems to be inconsistent with issue (iii): There are no inherent or implied limitations on the power of amendment under Article 368. Only issues (i) and (ii) are relevant for the purposes of this appeal. I have referred to issues (iii) and (iv) because counsel for appellant has thought fit to broaden the scope of his arguments by reference to them. It should be noted that the judges supporting the majority view are not the same in all four issues. That there should be such a diversity of views among the leading jurists in India show that what appears at first to be a straightforward matter of interpretation of the written word has become complicated by the doctrine of 8220basic structure or framework8221, those parts of the Constitution which are regarded by proponents of this doctrine as being of special sanctity. Thus Sikri C. J. was (at page 164) 8220driven to the conclusion that the expression 8216amendment of this Constitution8217 in Article 368 means any addition or change in any of the provisions of the Constitution within the broad contours of the Preamble and the Constitution to carry out the objectives in the Preamble and the Directive Principles. Applied to fundamental rights, it would mean that while fundamental rights cannot be abrogated reasonable abridgements of fundamental rights can be effected in the public interest.8221 and at page 165 8220The true position is that every provision of the Constitution can be amended provided in the result the basic foundation and structure of the Constitution remains the same.8221 The basic structure, he said, consists of: (1) Supremacy of the Constitution (2) Republican and Democratic form of Government (3) Secular character of the Constitution (4) separation of powers between the Legislature, the executive and the judiciary and (5) Federal character of the Constitution. The restriction upon the amending power of the Indian Parliament, according to this view arises from what is contained in the Preamble to the Indian Constitution. Coming back to the issue before us, there is thus persuasive authority that whilst abrogation of the fundamental rights may not come within the ambit of our Article 159, reasonable abridgement of such rights are constitutional that Parliament should decide when such amendment is necessary and it is not for this court to question the wisdom or need for such amendment. I do not feel that the issue before this court would call for my view on whether there are indeed inherent or implied limitations to the power of amendment under Article 159, and must perforce confine myself to the issue before us viz. is the amendment to the fundamental right set out in Article 5 by Act A354/76 constitutionalNor do I feel called upon to answer the broader issue of whether the power to amend includes the power to abrogate a fundamental right. The power to amend would not, in this country, be restricted by anything set out in a Preamble for there is no Preamble to our Constitution. It seems to me to be clear that if there is to be any restriction to the right to amend any of the fundamental rights set out in Part II, such restriction would have been. set out in one of the various clauses of Article 159 itself. Another point raised by learned counsel for the appellant is the constitutional validity of this retrospective amendment. Counsel concedes that this is not a criminal matter so that there is no question of violating Article 7. His reference to the Corpus Juris Secundum, Vol. 16A, page 90, on Retrospective Laws does not further his cause, for even in the U. S. in the absence of express provision in the U. S. Constitution, no law is invalid merely because it is retrospective in operation (see page 94, section 415). Mr. Lim has drawn our attention to a passage in Bindra8217s Interpretation of Statutes, 6th Ed. page 862, where under the heading 8220Prospective and retrospective operation8221 the following excerpt is relevant: 8220Constitutional provisions, like statutes, always operate prospectively and not retrospectively unless words used clearly indicate that a retrospective intention is intended But an express intention that a constitution shall operate retrospectively will be enforced. Nor will a retrospective intention clearly manifest be avoided by consideration of inconvenience or hardship.8221 The effect of this amendment to Article 5 is to deprive the appellant of the protection afforded to him by the ruling of this court in Assa Singh8217s case, that he cannot sue for damages for what would otherwise be unlawful detention for the period ending November 29, 1972, since it is clear that this amendment is constitutionally valid. This appeal in substance questions the validity of a law made by Parliament, in the words of Article 4(3) of the Constitution, 8220on the ground that it makes provision with respect to any matter with respect to which Parliament has no power to make laws 8221 What Raja Abdul Aziz says amounts to this: Parliament cannot amend any of the Fundamental Liberties Articles beyond what is expressly permitted by Part II itself. I should therefore treat this appeal as a proceeding for a declaration such as is envisaged in Article 4(3) and I declare that the amendment to Article 5(4) by Act A354/76 is valid. I would therefore dismiss the appeal. No order as to costs. Solicitors: Rithauddeen amp Aziz. Criminal Procedure Prosecution Consent of public prosecutor Charge amended from s 39B(1)(a) to s 39B(1)(c) of the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 Amendment made by deputy public prosecutor at trial Whether trial a nullity Whether informer should have been called to testify Whether appellants acted together with common intention in preparing sale of cannabis The appellants in both the appeals herein were convicted under s 39B(1)(c) of the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 (DDA) and sentenced to death. Their appeal to the Federal Court was against the dismissal of their respective appeals to the Court of Appeal against conviction and sentence. Initially both appellants were charged under s 39B(1)(a) of the DDA but at the end of the prosecutions case the deputy public prosecutor amended the charge to one under s 39B(1)(c), to wit, that they, in furtherance of a common intention, carried out an act preparatory to or for the purpose of trafficking in 2,996.4g cannabis. The prosecutions narration of the events was that a chief inspector of police (PW10), posing as a drug buyer, was introduced by his informer (Mud) to the second appellant to discuss the purchase of cannabis. At the appointed time and place for the sale and purchase to take place PW10 met with both appellants. While PW10 and the second appellant waited, the first appellant went to get the drugs and returned in about 20 minutes carrying a bag from which the first appellant took out and showed the cannabis to PW10. PW10 signalled the police party that lay in ambush observing the proceedings. The appellants fled on seeing the police approaching the first appellant throwing away the bag he was carrying as he fled. Both appellants were apprehended by the police after a brief struggle. In calling for their defence the trial court found as a fact that both appellants had a common intention in acting together to ensure the sale of the cannabis and that they had knowledge of the drugs as inferred from their attempts to resist arrest and escape the police party and the act of the first appellant in throwing away the bag containing the drugs. Their defence failed to cast any reasonable doubt on the prosecutions case. In the Federal Court the appellants submitted that (i) the trial was a nullity because the public prosecutor had not consented to the charge being amended (ii) the prosecution ought to have called the informer Mud to testify and/or offered him to the defence (iii) as the second appellant only negotiated the sale of the cannabis with PW10 and was never in possession of the drugs he was not involved in trafficking and (iv) as the first appellant did not participate in the negotiations or in the preparatory act but only had custody and control of the cannabis he should be found guilty of only possession and not trafficking. The prosecution replied that (i) consent to the amended charge was superfluous as the prosecution was conducted by a deputy public prosecutor (ii) Mud was not an agent provocateur but only an informer whose identity was protected by s 40 of the DDA. Mud merely introduced the second appellant to PW10 and did nothing else and (iii) the appellants acted together, with a common intention, to sell the cannabis to PW10. Held, dismissing the appeals and affirming the appellants conviction and sentence: Consent of the public prosecutor to the amended charge was superfluous as the prosecution was conducted by the deputy public prosecutor in which case the consent of the public prosecutor was implicit in his actions and no further written consent of the public prosecutor was required:Garmaz s/o Pakhar amp Anor v Public Prosecutor 1995 3 SLR 701 followed. Public Prosecutor v Lee Chwee Kiok 1979 1 MLJ 45 not followed (see paras 35 amp 33). There was no necessity for the evidence of Mud in the narrative of the prosecutions case. It was not disputed that the only role Mud played was to introduce PW10 to the second appellant. Just because Mud was known to the second appellant did not make him an agent provocateur (see para 43). In this case the trafficking was the sale of cannabis or the purchase of it by PW10. What transpired on the night of 5 April 1996 was the final chapter in the preparation of the trafficking of the drugs which constituted the supply and delivery of 3kg of the cannabis by the first appellant for the purpose of both the appellants jointly handing it over to PW10 in exchange for payment as earlier agreed. There was common intention to ensure the sale of the cannabis to PW10 (see paras 48 amp 49). To constitute actual delivery it was not necessary that the agreed price had to be paid upon or before the physical delivery of the drugs. Here, the transaction was completed when the appellants produced the cannabis to PW10 and were only waiting for payment (see para 50). There was no misdirection in the evaluation of the evidence adduced or in the standard of proof applied by the trial judge in coming to his decision. Overwhelming evidence was adduced showing the roles played by the appellants to make the cannabis available to PW10 for purchase. The very act of each of them attempting to flee from the scene to avoid arrest by the police was a clear indication both of them knew what they were dealing in with PW10 (see paras 51 amp 52). Perayu-perayu di dalam kedua-dua rayuan telah disabitkan di bawah s 39B(1)(c) Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952 (ADB) dan telah dihukum mati. Rayuan mereka kepada Mahkamah Persekutuan adalah terhadap penolakan rayuan mereka masing-masing kepada Mahkamah Rayuan terhadap sabitan dan hukuman. Pada awalnya, kedua-dua perayu telah dituduh di bawah s 39B(1)(a) ADB tetapi pada akhir kes pihak pendakwaan timbalan pendakwa raya telah meminda tuduhan kepada satu yang tertakluk di bawah s 39B(1)(c), iaitu, bahawa mereka, sebagai lanjutan niat bersama, telah melakukan tindakan persediaan kepada atau bagi tujuan pengedaran 2,996.4g kanabis. Penceritaan kejadian pihak pendakwaan adalah bahawa ketua penyiasat polis (PW10), menyamar sebagai pembeli dadah, telah diperkenalkan oleh pemberi maklumat (Mud) kepada perayu kedua untuk berbincang tentang pembelian kanabis. Pada masa dan tempat yang ditetapkan bagi jual beli tersebut, PW10 bertemu dengan kedua-dua perayu. Sementara PW10 dan perayu kedua sedang menunggu, perayu pertama pergi mendapatkan dadah dan pulang selepas 20 minit membawa beg di mana perayu mengeluarkan dan menunjukkan kanabis kepada PW10. PW10 memberi isyarat kepada pihak polis yang sedang berselindung di dalam belukar dan memerhatikan prosiding tersebut. Perayu-perayu terus melarikan diri apabila melihat kedatangan polis perayu pertama membuang beg yang dibawanya semasa dia melarikan diri. Kedua-dua perayu telah ditangkap oleh polis selepas pergelutan singkat. Dalam memanggil pembelaan mereka, mahkamah perbicaraan mendapati adalah fakta bahawa kedua-kedua perayu mempunyai niat bersama untuk bertindak bersesama untuk memastikan jualan kanabis dan bahawa mereka mempunyai pengetahuan tentang dadah tersebut melihatkan kepada percubaan mereka untuk mengelakkan diri daripada ditahan dan melarikan diri daripada pihak polis dan tindakan perayu pertama membuang beg yang mengandungi dadah tersebut. Pembelaan mereka gagal untuk meletakkan sebarang keraguan berpatutan ke atas kes pendakwaan. Dalam Mahkamah Persekutuan, perayu-perayu berhujah bahawa (i) perbicaraan adalah terbatal oleh kerana pendakwa raya tidak memberi kebenaran terhadap tuduhan yang dipinda (ii) pihak pendakwaan sepatutnya memanggil pemberi maklumat Mud untuk memberi keterangan dan/atau menawarkannya kepada pembelaan (iii) memandangkan perayu kedua hanya berunding tentang penjualan kanabis dengan PW10 dan tidak pernah dalam milikan dadah tersebut, dia tidak terbabit dalam pengedaran dan (iv) memandangkan perayu pertama tidak terlibat dalam perundingan atau tindakan persediaan tetapi hanya mempunyai jagaan dan kawalan kanabis tersebut, dia patut didapati bersalah hanya untuk milikan dan bukan untuk pengedaran. Pihak pendakwaan membalas bahawa (i) kebenaran kepada tuduhan yang dipinda tidak diperlukan memandangkan pendakwaan telah dilakukan oleh timbalan pendakwa raya (ii) Mud bukanlah ejen perangkap tetapi hanya pemberi maklumat yang mana identitinya dilindungi oleh s 40ADB. Mud sekadar memperkenalkan perayu kedua kepada PW10 dan tidak lebih dari itu dan (iii) perayu-perayu bertindak bersama-sama, dengan niat bersama untuk menjual kanabis kepada PW10. Diputuskan, menolak rayuan dan mengesahkan sabitan dan hukuman perayu-perayu: Kebenaran pendakwa raya untuk tuduhan yang dipinda adalah tidak perlu memandangkan pendakwaan telah dilakukan oleh timbalan pendakwa raya di mana kebenaran pendakwa raya adalah tersirat daripada tindakannya dan kebenaran bertulis selanjutnya oleh pendakwa raya adalah tidak perlu: Garmaz s/o Pakhar amp Anor v Public Prosecutor 1995 3 SLR 701 diikut Public Prosecutor v Lee Chwee Kiok 1979 1 MLJ 45 tidak diikut (lihat perenggan 35 amp 33). Keterangan Mud adalah tidak perlu di dalam penceritaan kes pihak pendakwaan. Tidak dapat dipertikaikan bahawa peranan yang dimainkan oleh Mud hanyalah untuk memperkenalkan PW10 kepada perayu kedua. Hanya kerana Mud dikenali oleh perayu kedua tidak bermakna dia adalah ejen perangkap (lihat perenggan 43). Dalam kes ini pengedaran tersebut adalah penjualan kanabis atau pembeliannya oleh PW10. Apa yang berlaku pada malam 5 April 1996 adalah bab terakhir dalam persediaan untuk pengedaran dadah yang mana membawa kepada bekalan dan penyerahan 3kg kanabis oleh perayu pertama bagi tujuan untuk diberikan kepada PW10 oleh kedua-dua perayu sebagai ganti untuk pembayaran yang dipersetujui sebelum itu. Terdapat niat bersama untuk memastikan penjualan kanabis kepada PW10(lihat perenggan 48 amp 49). Untuk membentuk penyerahan sebenar, adalah tidak perlu bahawa harga yang dipersetujui hendaklah dibayar apabila atau sebelum penyerahan fizikal dadah tersebut. Di sini, transaksi telah disempurnakan apabila perayu-perayu menyediakan kanabis kepada PW10 dan hanya menunggu untuk bayaran (lihat perenggan 50). Tidak terdapat salah arah dalam penilaian keterangan yang dikemukakan atau standard pembuktian yang digunakan oleh hakim bicara dalam membuat keputusannya. Keterangan kukuh yang dikemukakan menunjukkan peranan yang dimainkan oleh perayu-perayu untuk menyediakan kanabis untuk pembelian oleh PW10. Tindakan setiap daripada mereka yang cuba untuk melarikan diri daripada tempat kejadian untuk mengelakkan diri daripada ditahan oleh polis adalah petunjuk yang jelas bahawa kedua-duanya tahu akan urusniaga mereka dengan PW10 (lihat perenggan 51 amp 52). 21. Seksyen 43 Akta Penapisan Filem 2002 memperuntukkan seperti berikut: 43. Tiada pendakwaan berkenaan dengan apa-apa kesalahan d bawah Akta ini atau mana-mana peraturan yang dibuat di bawah Akta ini boleh dimulakan kecuali oleh atau dengan keizinan bertulis Pendakwa Raya. 22. Sepanjang prosiding perbicaraan di hadapan Majistret, Mahkamah Majistret Jenayah 2, Kuala Lumpur, pihak pendakwaan tidak mengemukakan izin pendakwaan secara bertulis dan ini adalah bercanggah dengan peruntukkan Seksyen 43 Akta Penapisan Filem 2002. Ini dibuktikan dengan senarai ekshibit Jilid 2 Rekod Rayuan-izin pendakwaan tidak dikemukakan kepada Mahkamah dan ditanda sebagai ekshibit. 23. Walaubagaimanapun setelah menerima Rekod Rayuan pada 5.5.2011, pihak Perayu mendapati bahawa salinan izin pendakwaan telah dimasukkan ke dalam Lampiran Dokumen ( mukasurat 115 Rekod Rayuan Jilid 1 ) dan ini merupakan kali pertama pihak Perayu melihat salinan izin pendakwaan tersebut. 24. Terdapat kecacatan material pada izin pendakwaan tersebut di mana izin pendakwaan diberi oleh seorang timbalan pendakwaraya yang bernama Mazelan Jamaludin tetapi ditandatangani oleh seorang timbalan pendakwaraya bernama Nor Aizam. 25. Adalah menjadi hujahan Perayu bahawa izin pendakwaan mengikut peruntukkan Seksyen 43 Akta Penapisan Filem 2002 adalah mandatori dan ketinggalan untuk mengemukakannya menjadikan prosiding perbicaraan Kes Tangkap Tersebut satu (dengan izin) nullity. 26. Pihak Perayu merujuk kepada kes Abdul Hamid v PP 1956 MLJ 231 (di mukasurat 3 Ikatan Otoriti Pihak Perayu) Smith J membuat pemerhatian seperti berikut: There is an essential difference to my mind between a sanction and a consent. A prosecution can be sanctioned without any deep consideration of the particular case. full consideration is required for consent since consent is an act of reason, accompanied with deliberation, the mind weighing, as in a balance, the good and evil on each side (Stround 3 rd Ediiton vol 1 page 582). The sanction was therefore no evidence of consent. 27. Pihak Perayu turut bersandarkan kepada kes Public Prosecutor v Lee Chwee Kiok 1979 1 MLJ 45 (di mukasurat 2 Ikatan Otoriti Pihak Perayu) di mana mahkamah telah memutuskan bahawa prosiding adalah terbatal apabila tiada kebenaran untuk pertuduhan yang dipinda : The question is whether the court has jurisdiction to proceed with the trial on the amended charge without a fresh consent by the Public Prosecutor. As the matter is res integra I proceeded with the trial to save the public expense, the witnesses and jury being present in court. It will be observed that although the original and amended charges are two distinct offences, they are both created by the same section of the law viz. section 39B(1) and both carry the same penalty. Both require the consent of the Public Prosecutor under section 39B(3). The learned Deputy Public Prosecutor argued that the amendment was technical and as the Public Prosecutor had given his consent on the original charge he was at liberty to amend the charges in the manner he did. I do not think so. It was held in Abdul Hamid v Public Prosecutor 1956 MLJ 231 that a consent to prosecute is an act of reason, accompanied with deliberation, the mind weighing, as in a balance, the good and evil on each side. The Public Prosecutor has clearly exercised his mind in respect of the original charge when he gave his consent to prosecute some four months after the alleged offence. It was incumbent on him however to exercise the same degree of deliberation in respect of the amended charge. He has not done so. In Lim Seo v Regina 1962 MLJ 304 counsel was given sanction to prosecute undersection 379 of the Penal Code but he proceeded under section 381 of the Penal Code instead. It was held that counsel cannot depart from the specific authorisation of the Public Prosecutor. It seems to me that the same principles apply here. The facts of the case were fully before the Public Prosecutor at the time of giving his consent and he could have elected to proceed on the amended charge then. He did not do so. It would appear therefore that the Public Prosecutor has not given his consent to prosecute under the amended charge. That being so, the trial is a nullity on the authority of Lyn Hong Yap v Public Prosecutor 1956 MLJ 226. 8220Where there is no jurisdiction, there can be no discretion, for discretion is incident to jurisdiction.8221 Piper v. Pearson, 2 Gray 120, cited in Bradley v. Fisher, 13 Wall. 335, 20 L. Ed. 646 (1872) A judge must be acting within his jurisdiction as to subject matter and person, to be entitled to immunity from civil action for his acts. Davis v. Burris, 51 Ariz. 220, 75 P.2d 689 (1938) Generally, judges are immune from suit for judicial acts within or in excess of their jurisdiction even if those acts have been done maliciously or corruptly the only exception being for acts done in the clear absence of all jurisdiction. Gregory v. Thompson, 500 F2d 59 (C. A. Ariz. 1974) When a judicial officer acts entirely without jurisdiction or without compliance with jurisdiction requisites he may be held civilly liable for abuse of process even though his act involved a decision made in good faith, that he had jurisdiction. State use of Little v. U. S. Fidelity amp Guaranty Co. 217 Miss. 576, 64 So. 2d 697. the particular phraseology of the constitution of the United States confirms and strengthens the principle, supposed to be essential to all written constitutions, that a law repugnant to the constitution is void, and that courts, as well as other departments, are bound by that instrument. Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137 (1803). The doctrine of judicial immunity originated in early seventeenth-century England in the jurisprudence of Sir Edward Coke. In two decisions, Floyd amp Barker and the Case of the Marshalsea, Lord Coke laid the foundation for the doctrine of judicial immunity. Floyd amp Barker, 77 Eng. Rep. 1305 (1607 The Case of the Marshalsea, 77 Eng. Rep. 1027 (1612) were both cases right out of the Star Chamber. Cokes reasoning for judicial immunity was presented in four public policy grounds: 1. Finality of judgment 2. Maintenance of judicial independence 3. Freedom from continual calumniations and, 4. Respect and confidence in the judiciary. The Marshalsea presents a case where Coke denied a judge immunity for presiding over a case in assumpsit. Assumpsit is a common-law action for recovery of damages for breach of contract. Coke then explained the operation of jurisdiction requirement for immunity: When a Court has (a) jurisdiction of the cause, and proceeds iverso ordine or erroneously, there the party who sues, or the officer or minister of the Court who executes the precept or process of the Court, no action lies against them. But (b) when the Court has not jurisdiction of the cause, there the whole proceeding is before a person who is not a judge, and actions will lie against them without any regard of the precept or process Although narrowing the availability of judicial immunity, especially in courts of limited jurisdiction, Coke suggested that there was a presumption of jurisdiction and that the judge must have been aware that jurisdiction was lacking. Thus, questions of personam, rem and res jurisdiction are always a proper issue before the court to obviate the defense that the court had no way to know they lacked jurisdiction. If a judge acts without subject-matter jurisdiction, the judge is acting unlawfully, he/she has committed an unlawful interference with one8217s person, property, or rights. Is the judge who acts without subject-matter jurisdiction then anything but a common criminal And all orders and judgments issued by a judge who acts without subject-matter jurisdiction are, as a matter of law, void . Ranks of Jedi Members of the order progress through four tiers of rank, at times referred to as levels: Youngling . A Jedi Youngling is a child, a Jedi-in-training, learning to control the Force and wield a lightsaber. The title of 8220Youngling8221 is the first part of a Jedi training. Younglings were seen training with Jedi Grand Master Yoda in a scene from Attack of the Clones and when Anakin Skywalker turns to the dark side in Revenge of the Sith . Padawan . A Youngling who successfully completes training then undergoes Padawan training under the tutelage of a Jedi Knight (or Jedi Master in some cases). These are also called 8220Apprentices8221 and 8220Padawan Learners8221. As a rite of passage and the final test before the trials to knighthood, Padawans must build their own lightsabers. In the Old Republic, Padawans usually wore a hair braid on the right side of their head which was removed with a lightsaber upon attaining knighthood. They also served as commanders in the Clone Wars. The term Padawan appears to originate in Sanskrit and can be understood as learner,8221 both in Sanskrit and by contemporary native speakers of Sanskrit-based languages. 1 Jedi Knight . Disciplined and experienced, Jedi Knights become so only when they have completed 8220the trials8221 (final tests). This, the most common rank, is interchangeably referred to as 8220Jedi8221, 8220Jedi Knight8221 and 8220Master Jedi8221 (although the latter only used by Younglings and Padawans when addressing Jedi Knights or above). The five tests are usually known as Trial of Skill, the Trial of Courage, the Trial of the Flesh, the Trial of Spirit, and the Trial of Insight or Knowledge. 2 In Return of the Jedi . Master Yoda gives his apprentice, Luke Skywalker, the trial of confronting Darth Vader for a second time so he might become a full-fledged Knight. Occasionally, performing an extraordinary (usually heroic) act can earn a Padawan learner Jedi status, such as when Obi-Wan Kenobi defeats the Sith Lord Darth Maul. By the time of the movies distinct battle classes were not necessary as the Republic had not seen war in over a thousand years, and the title of Knight was simply a rank once again. Jedi Master . A Jedi Knight may become a Jedi Master after successfully training a Padawan learner to Knight status. Though this is the most common manner, there are other ways of attaining the rank. Also, 8220Master Jedi8221 is the common honorific. Jedi Grand Master . Grand Master is usually the oldest, most experienced and best trained of all Jedi. A Grand Master is chosen by the Jedi council. In Star Wars . Yoda is the grand master. Jedi Master Mace Windu was next in line to become Grand Master until he was killed by Palpatine (Darth Sidious) in Revenge of the Sith . Additional statures High Council Member . A Jedi Master may be granted the further stature of a position on the Jedi High Council (known less formally as the 8216Jedi Council8217). When a Council Member vacates his or her seat, the council looks for an exemplary Jedi Master to fill the empty position. Presiding Council Members elect prospective candidates when openings become available. According to the Dorling Kindersley guide to Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace . some members retained permanent positions on the council (like Yoda and Mace Windu), while the rest served limited terms, after which they stepped down and another member would be elected in their place. There have been occasional exceptions to the requirement that Jedi attain the Master rank prior to gaining a council seat, such as Anakin Skywalker and Ki Adi Mundi. General . During the Clone Wars, many Jedi Knights and Masters were commissioned into the Grand Army of the Republic with the rank of General. Princess Leia addresses Obi-Wan as 8220General Kenobi8221 in the original film, reminding him of his service to her adoptive father, Senator Bail Organa. Commander . The Padawan learners were also commissioned into the Grand Army of the Republic and were given this rank, officially outranking all clones but subordinate to their Jedi masters Post navigation MOHAMAD IZAHAM MOHAMED YATIM Knowledge is Free to Everyone Everything in here is free of charge. There is no charge for Awesomeness or Attractiveness - The Dragon Warrior - Kung Fu Panda 1 Research Funds Sponsorship Requested by my readers who want to sponsor to increase my researches, you are welcome. Please send to The Research Funds Sponsorship into My Paypal Account: donateqassimbaba - Thank you to my donors who sent at least 1USD each to increase my research fund. Mobile:(006)-019-2787830 IM:codegeniushotmail Upon requests by my readers, I would like to display my mobile number and IM ID. Visit My Website anticyberforensics. wordpress (We Generate Money Out of Chaos and Turbulence) Scientific Evidence and Law The contrasts between law and science are often described in binary terms: science seeks truth, the law does justice science is descriptive, but law is prescriptive science emphasises progress, whereas the law emphasises process. Comparisons between science and the law often celebrate sciences unique commitment to systematic testing of observations and its willingness to submit its conclusions to critical probing and falsification. Hence, the Intellect, Reason and Judgment as conclusions and verdicts of the Cognitive Faculties by which laws are prescribed a priori and science is described as the scientific cognition a priori within a posteriori truth. (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Digital Metadata, Timestamp and The Theory of Relativity - Faculty of Mathematics, University of Cambridge, 15 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 9EW United Kingdom, Published Nov. 2010) Wissenschaftlicher Beweis und Gesetz Die Kontraste zwischen Gesetz und Wissenschaft werden hufig in den binren Bezeichnungen beschrieben: Wissenschaft sucht Wahrheit, das Gesetz tut Gerechtigkeit Wissenschaft ist beschreibend, aber Gesetz ist vorschreibend Wissenschaft hebt Fortschritt hervor, whrend t er Gesetz hervorhebt Proze. Vergleiche zwischen Wissenschaft und dem Gesetz feiern hufig einzigartige Verpflichtung der Wissenschaft zur systematischen Prfung von Beobachtungen und seine Bereitwilligkeit, seine Zusammenfassungen beim kritischen Prfen und bei der Flschung einzureichen. Folglich wird der Intellekt, der Grund und das Urteil als Zusammenfassungen und Urteilssprche der kognitiven Lehrkrper, von denen Gesetzen einem priori und eine Wissenschaft vorgeschrieben werden, als das wissenschaftliche Erkennen ein priori innerhalb a posteriori der Wahrheit beschrieben. (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Digital Metadata, Zeitstempel und die Theorie Relativitt - der Universitt von Cambridge, 15 JJ Thomson von Allee, Cambridge CB3 9EW Vereinigtes Knigreich, November 2010) vidence et loi scientifiques Les contrastes entre la loi et la science sont souvent dcrits en termes binaires. la science cherche la vrit, la loi fait la justice la science est descriptive, mais la loi est prscriptive la science souligne le progrs, tandis que la loi souligne des comparaisons de processus entre la science et la loi clbrer souvent lengagement unique de la science lessai systmatique des observations et sa bonne volont de soumettre ses conclusions au sondage et la falsification critiques. Par consquent, lintellect, la raison et le jugement comme conclusions et verdicts des corps enseignant cognitifs par lesquels des lois sont prescrites a priori et la science est dcrit comme connaissance scientifique a priori dans a posteriori la vrit. (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Digital Metadata, horodateur et la thorie duniversit de relativit - de Cambridge, avenue de 15 JJ Thomson, Cambridge CB3 9EW Royaume-Uni, dit novembre 2010) Evidncia e lei cientficas Os contrastes entre a lei e a cincia so descritos frequentemente em termos binrios: a cincia procura a verdade, a lei faz a justia a cincia descritiva, mas a lei prescriptive a cincia emfatiza o progresso, visto que a lei emfatiza comparaes do processo entre a cincia e a lei comemorar frequentemente o compromisso original da cincia a testar sistemtico das observaes e o seu voluntariedade submeter suas concluses a sondar e a falsification crticos. Daqui, o intellect, a razo e o julgamento como concluses e verdicts das faculdades cognitive por que as leis so prescritas a priori e a cincia so descritos como a cognio cientfica a priori dentro a posteriori da verdade. (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Digital Metadata, timestamp e a teoria da universidade do relativity - de Cambridge, avenida de 15 JJ Thomson, Cambridge CB3 9EW Reino Unido, Nov. 2010) Prova e legge scientifiche I contrasti fra legge e la scienza sono descritti spesso nei termini binari: la scienza cerca la verit, la legge fa la giustizia la scienza descrittiva, ma la legge normativa la scienza d risalto al progresso, mentre la legge d risalto ai confronti di processo fra la scienza e la legge celebrare spesso limpegno unico della scienza alla prova sistematica delle osservazioni e la relativa compiacenza presentare le relative conclusioni al sondaggio ed alla falsificazione critici. Quindi, il intellect, il motivo ed il giudizio come conclusioni e verdetti delle facolt conoscitive da cui le leggi si prescrivono a priori e la scienza descritto come la cognizione scientifica a priori allinterno a posteriori della verit. (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Digital Metadata, timestamp e la teoria delluniversit di relativit - di Cambridge, un viale di 15 JJ Thomson, Cambridge CB3 9EW Regno Unito, pubblicato novembre del 2010) : , , , . . , , a priori a priori a posteriori . (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Metadata, timestamp - cambridge, 15 JJ Thomson, cambridge CB3 9EW , NOV 2010) Evidencia y ley cientficas Los contrastes entre la ley y la ciencia se describen a menudo en trminos binarios: la ciencia busca verdad, la ley hace la justicia la ciencia es descriptiva, pero la ley es preceptiva la ciencia acenta progreso, mientras que t l ley acenta proceso Los omparisons de C entre la ciencia y la ley celebran a menudo la comisin nica de la ciencia a la prueba sistemtica de observaciones y su buena voluntad de someter sus conclusiones a sondar y a la falsificacin crticos. Por lo tanto, la intelecto, la razn y el juicio como conclusiones y los veredictos de las facultades cognoscitivas por quienes los leyes son prescritos a priori y la ciencia se describe como la cognicin cientfica a priori dentro a posteriori de la verdad. (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Digital Metadata, timestamp y la teora de la universidad de la relatividad - de Cambridge, avenida de 15 JJ Thomson, Cambridge CB3 9EW Reino Unido, noviembre de 2010) Prova e legge scientifiche I contrasti fra legge e la scienza sono descritti spesso nei termini binari: la scienza cerca la verit, la legge fa la giustizia la scienza descrittiva, ma la legge normativa la scienza d risalto al progresso, mentre la legge d risalto ai confronti di processo fra la scienza e la legge celebrare spesso limpegno unico della scienza alla prova sistematica delle osservazioni e la relativa compiacenza presentare le relative conclusioni al sondaggio ed alla falsificazione critici. Quindi, il intellect, il motivo ed il giudizio come conclusioni e verdetti delle facolt conoscitive da cui le leggi si prescrivono a priori e la scienza descritto come la cognizione scientifica a priori allinterno a posteriori della verit. (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Digital Metadata, timestamp e la teoria delluniversit di relativit - di Cambridge, un viale di 15 JJ Thomson, Cambridge CB3 9EW Regno Unito, novembre del 2010) : t . posteriori (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim Metadata 15 JJ Thomson CB3 9EW 2010 11 - ) : , , , . , (Mohamad Izaham Mohamed Yatim, Metadata, , 15 JJ Thomson , CB3 9EW - , 2010 11) Willard Van Orman Quine Indiscernibility of Identicals - a logical principle which states that if A and B are identical, every property that belongs to one of them belongs to the other. Basic Ingredient and Methods of Attack / Defence Cycle in Cyber Forensics Investigations (That Prosecution / Defence Must Establish and Substantiate Before Court): Possession, Contents, and Networking Possession: Control, Custody and Knowledge Contents of Electronic Evidence: Disclosure, Discovery and Admissibility Networking: Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), Internet and Broadbands, Satellite and Wireless Comms and etc. Categories Anti Cyber Forensics Ixion is a professional theme designed with schools, non-profits, and organizations in mind. In a single click, translate your site content into 100 languages. The second annual WordCamp US will be held in Philadelphia, PA, on December 2-4. Get your ticket now Millions of new, easy to remember. blog domains are available for your blog, for the first time ever. Matt Sweeny, a blogger and web and marketing designer in Wisconsin, builds his clients039 websites on WordPress. 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